| Port Cities of the Eastern Mediterranean Eastern Mediterranean port cities, such as Constantinople, Smyrna, and Salonica,havelongbeensitesoffascination.Knownfortheirvibrantand diverse populations, the dynamism of their economic and cultural exchanges,andtheirformofrelativelypeacefulcoexistenceinaturbulent age,manywouldlabelthemasmodelsofcosmopolitanism.Inthisstudy, MalteFuhrmannexamineschangesinthehistoriesofspace,consumption, and identities in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries while the Mediterranean became a zone of influence for European powers. Giving voice to the port cities’ forgotten inhabitants, Fuhrmann explores how theirurbanpopulationsadaptedtoEuropeanpractices,howentertainment becameamarkerofaEuropeanizedwayoflife,andhowconsumingbeer celebratedinnovation,cosmopolitanism,andmixedgendersociability.At thesametime,theseadaptationstoaEuropeanwayoflifeweremodified according to local needs, as was the case for the new quays, streets, and buildings. Revisiting leisure practices as well as the formation of class, gender,andnationalidentities,Fuhrmannoffersanalternativeviewonthe relationshipbetweentheIslamicWorldandEurope. maltefuhrmannisaresearchfellowattheLeibniz-ZentrumModerner Orient (ZMO). Having spent many years doing research and teaching in Istanbul, he is the author of Imagining a German Orient: Two German Colonies in the Ottoman Empire 1851–1918 (2006, in German) and coeditor of The City in the Ottoman Empire: Migration and the Making of Urban Modernity (2011) with Ulrike Freitag, Nora Lafi, and Florian Riedler. Port Cities of the Eastern Mediterranean Urban Culture in the Late Ottoman Empire malte fuhrmann Leibniz-ZentrumModernerOrient UniversityPrintingHouse,CambridgeCB28BS,UnitedKingdom OneLibertyPlaza,20thFloor,NewYork,NY10006,USA 477WilliamstownRoad,PortMelbourne,VIC3207,Australia 314–321,3rdFloor,Plot3,SplendorForum,JasolaDistrictCentre,NewDelhi–110025,India 79AnsonRoad,#06–04/06,Singapore079906 CambridgeUniversityPressispartoftheUniversityofCambridge. ItfurtherstheUniversity’smissionbydisseminatingknowledgeinthepursuitof education,learning,andresearchatthehighestinternationallevelsofexcellence. www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781108477376 DOI:10.1017/9781108769716 ©MalteFuhrmann2020 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2020 AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Names:Fuhrmann,Malte,author. Title:PortcitiesoftheeasternMediterranean:urbancultureinthelateOttomanEmpire/Malte Fuhrmann,Leibniz-ZentrumModernerOrient. Othertitles:UrbancultureinthelateOttomanEmpire Description:Cambridge,UnitedKingdom;NewYork,NY:CambridgeUniversityPress,[2020]| Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. Identifiers:LCCN2020012386(print)|LCCN2020012387(ebook)|ISBN9781108477376 (hardback)|ISBN9781108708623(paperback)|ISBN9781108769716(epub) Subjects:LCSH:Turkey–Civilization–Westerninfluences–19thcentury.|Turkey–Sociallifeand customs–19thcentury.|Portcities–Turkey–Sociallifeandcustoms–19thcentury.|Portcities– MediterraneanRegion–Sociallifeandcustoms–19thcentury.|Cosmopolitanism–Turkey– History–19thcentury.|MediterraneanRegion–Civilization–19thcentury.|Mediterranean Region–Sociallifeandcustoms–19thcentury. Classification:LCCDR432.F842020(print)|LCCDR432(ebook)|DDC956/.015–dc23 LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2020012386 LCebookrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2020012387 ISBN978-1-108-47737-6Hardback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracy ofURLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredtointhispublication anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuchwebsitesis,orwillremain, accurateorappropriate. Contents List of Figures and Table pagevii Acknowledgments viii Part I Introduction 1 1 The Enigma ofEastern Mediterranean Urban Culture 3 2 A Historiography ofDisentanglement: The Long Legacy of the Nineteenth Century 10 3 Culture and theGlobal inMediterranean History 19 Part II Constructing Europe:SpatialRelations of Power in Eastern Mediterranean Cities 37 4 The European Dream 43 5 The Making of aEuropean SpatialDiscourse on the Levantine City 49 6 Dreaming of a City inStone 63 7 Reinventing theCityfrom theSeaInward 70 Part III The City’sNew Pleasures 93 8 Visiting, Strolling, Masquerading, Dancing: The Consumersof Europeanism 99 9 Staging Europeanness: The Rise oftheEastern Mediterranean Opera 122 10 Theater, the Civilizing Mission, and Global Entertainment 138 v vi Contents 11 The One World ofWorkers of the Dramatic Arts 157 12 Beer Consumption and Production on Mediterranean Shores 173 13 Beer, the Drink ofa Changing World 194 Part IV Identities on the Mediterranean Shore: Between Experiment and Restriction 211 14 Educational Imperialism or Enlightenment? 219 15 The French-Language Press: A Common Forum? 234 16 Renegotiating Masculinities and Femininitiesat the Turn of the Century 243 17 Reining inthe Free Experiment: Discourses on Class Formation 266 18 Urban Milieus vs. National Communities: The Case ofthe Levantines 288 19 North-to-South Migration and Its Impact on the Urban Population 302 Part V The Endof the European Dream 345 20 The Lackof an Anti-European Perspective 347 21 Economies of Violence and Challenges to the Thalassocentric Order 357 22 The Anti-Western Rebellion on the Eve of the Belle Époque 364 23 Deconstructing the European Female 371 24 The“Unraveling” ofPortCity Society 390 Part VI Europe and the Eastern MediterraneanRevisited 405 Bibliography 417 Index 455 Figures and Table Figures Cover image Constantinople,Galata Bridge, 1912 1.1 The Smyrna Quays, ca. 1870s page 4 1.2 The OlympiaCinemain Salonica,1917 4 1.3 Constantinople,Galata Bridge and Karaköy Square, 1912 6 8.1 Smyrna,a coffeehousewith shishas inthe bazaar area, pre-1922 100 13.1 GiannisKakavopoulos’Viennese Beerhouse, Constantinople,ca.1890s 197 13.2 A family gathering in the beergarden,ca. 1900s 197 13.3 A family gathering in the beergarden,ca. 1918 198 13.4 A street inSalonica, ca.1913, with amodern-style waiter on the right 201 13.5 Patrons of a beer garden on Prinkipos Island, ca.1900s,dressedinastylereminiscentofBihruzBey 203 Table 12.1 Beerproduction according todistrict, 1899–1912 page 190 vii Acknowledgments My two terms at the Leibniz–Zentrum Moderner Orient (ZMO) in Berlin bracket my odyssey between various places of work and research.Here,theinitialresearchforthisbookbeganandmanyyears later,Icompletedmyfinalchanges.Ourinitialresearchgroup“Migra- tion and Urban Institutions in the Late Ottoman Reform Period” provedtobetheinspirationtodelveatlengthintotheforgottenworlds ofnineteenth–centuryMediterraneancities.ForallIlearnedthereIam very gratefulto my fellowgroup membersNoraLafi, Florian Riedler, andUlrikeFreitag.Mythanksgotoallcolleaguesandformerfellows, andinparticulartoDanaSajdiwhoreadandcommentedononeofmy earliest and as yet premature papers on these matters; to Zafer Yenal who likewise commented on my work; to Kai Kresse who helped me sharpenmyarguments;andtoSonjaHegasywhoinspiredmetorelate my researchmorestrongly tothe present. I am very grateful to Stefan Leder, Filiz Kıral, and Richard Witt- mannforthechancetoresearchandwriteseveralchaptersinsitu,that is, at the Orient–Institut Istanbul (OII). Many thanks to my good colleagues from that time,especially SaraNur Yıldız, Alexandre Tou- marquine,MartinGreve,andTomasWilkoszewski.Whileteachingat Ruhr University Bochum, I enjoyed the great collegial support of ManuelBorutta,FabianLemmes,BenjaminFlöhr,andMarkusKoller, and discussions with them have decisively shaped this book. In par- ticular, Manuel shared with me the draft of his forthcoming mono- graph Mediterrane Verflechtungen (Mediterranean Entanglements), allowing me to fill important missing links within my own narrative. WhenIreturnedtoIstanbulaftermytimeinBochum,itwasforatwo- year term as lecturer at Istanbul Bilgi University and in particular its European Institute. I am indebted especially to Pınar Uyan Semerci, AyhanKaya,andmyothercolleaguesandstudentsforthisopportun- ityandmakingitaveryagreeableexperience.Amongthemostinspir- ing moments at Bilgi, I remember my coffee conversations with the viii Acknowledgments ix pioneer of Ottoman cultural history, Suraiya Faroqhi, who would effortlessly divulge countless reading suggestions on any of the points I was researching, while the student café’s electronic beats boomed overourheads.Someofthechapterswerewritteninthequartersofthe formerembassiesinPera,whichprovedhighlyinspirational.Ihaveto thank Çag˘laAykaç and AyşegülSert forthis opportunity. I am very much indebted to Patrick Bernhard, Manuel Borutta, Jasmin Daam, Fernando Esposito, Andreas Guidi, Nora Lafi, Fabian Lemmes, Esther Möller, Stefan Preiß, and Daniel Tödt, who together make up our network “The Modern Mediterranean: Dynamics of a World Region, 1800–2000,” funded by the Deutsche Forschungsge- meinschaft (DFG). Ourdiscussions havebeenofgreat help inrefining and contextualizing much of what I have written here and have been exemplary in creating a solidary community of scholars of common interests. Apart from these, I have received lots of helpful advice, suggestions for various sources and readings, and inspiring feedback from many other researchers. My thanks to the two anonymous reviewers for helping to give the book more focus. Very many thanks to Ayşe Ozil for her fantastic comments and advice on an excerpt of the book I presented. Many thanks also to Julia Hauser for her careful reading ofpartsofthemanuscriptandforbeingthereasafriend,aswellasto M.ErdemKabadayı.EdhemEldem,besidesinspiringmeandcountless otherstopickupthethreadofurbanhistoryoftheregion,wasagreat helpwhenIinitiallystartedtodabbleinthesubject,sharingimportant sourcesandcreatingamodelforhowtopursuethisresearchbothwith the necessary seriousness and lightness. Conversations with Oliver J. Schmitt during my first forages into the Habsburg archives were anothersourceofinspirationtopursuethistopicfurther.Iamindebted to Avner Wishnitzer for introducing me to the world of late Ottoman literature as sources for cultural history, and for our many inspiring conversations, late at night on the squares of medieval wine-growing towns,in the corridorsof international convention hotels, or inIstan- bul’s taverns. Karl Kreiser has been highly supportive of my work, as hasPhilipManselwhowassokindtointroducemetohisresearchand severalcolleaguesinthefield.Sadly,someofthepeoplewhoIammost obligedtoforcontributingtomyresearcharenolongerwithus.Most ofall,VangelisKechriotiswasagreatcolleagueandfriendwhohelped