Population Mental Health Over the last century public health efforts, such as immunization, safer food practices, public health education and promotion, improved sanitation, and water purification have been tremendously successful in eradicating and controlling a host of diseases. The result has been a dramatic improvement in population health and life expectancy. However, public health has paid far less attention to the impact of mental illness on individuals and society as a whole. This pioneering volume examines the evidence- base for incorporating mental health into the public health agenda by linking the available research on population mental health with public mental health policy and practice. Issues covered in the book include the influence of mental health policies on the care and well-b eing of individuals with mental illness, the interconnectedness of physical and mental disorders, the obstacles to adopting a public health orientation to mental health/mental illness, and the potential application of public health models of intervention. Setting out a unique and innovative model for integrated public mental health care, Population Mental Health identifies the tools and strategies of public health practice – surveillance and screening, early identification, preventive interventions, health promotion and community action – and their application to twenty- first century public mental health policy and practice. Neal Cohen is Distinguished Lecturer at the CUNY School of Public Health at Hunter College and the Hunter College School of Social Work in New York City. Dr. Cohen previously served as New York City’s Com- missioner of Health and Commissioner of the Department of Mental Health, Mental Retardation and Alcoholism Services. Sandro Galea is the Anna Cheskis Gelman and Murray Charles Gelman Professor and Chair of the Department of Epidemiology at the Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health. Dr. Galea’s research is con- cerned with the social and biological determinants of the mental health of populations. Routledge studies in public health Available titles include: Planning in Health Promotion Work Roar Amdam Forthcoming titles include: Alcohol, Tobacco and Obesity Morality, mortality and the new public health Edited by Kirsten Bell, Amy Salmon and Darlene McNaughton Population Mental Health Evidence, policy, and public health practice Edited by Neal Cohen and Sandro Galea First published 2011 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2011. To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk. © 2011 selection and editorial material, Neal Cohen and Sandro Galea; individual chapters, the contributors The right of Neal Cohen and Sandro Galea to be identified as editors of this work has been asserted by them in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data A catalog record for this book has been requested ISBN 0-203-81861-X Master e-book ISBN ISBN: 978-0-415-77921-0 (hbk) ISBN: 978-0-203-81861-9 (ebk) Contents Notes on contributors viii Acknowledgments xi 1 Population mental health: evidence, policy, and public health practice 1 NEAL COHEN AND SANDRO GALEA PART I Evidence 7 2 The burden of mental disorders worldwide: Results from the World Mental Health surveys 9 RONALD C. KESSLER, SERGIO AGUILAR- GAXIOLA, JORDI ALONSO, SOMNATH CHATTERJI, SING LEE, DAPHNA LEvINSON, JOHAN ORMEL, T. BEDIRHAN ÜSTÜN, AND PHILIP S. WANG 3 Epidemiology in public mental health 38 EzRA SUSSER AND REBECCA P. SMITH 4 Social and environmental influences on population mental health 51 EMILY GOLDMANN AND SANDRO GALEA 5 Disparities in mental health status and care in the U.S. 69 SERGIO AGUILAR- GAXIOLA, WILLIAM S. SRIBNEY, BONNIE RAINGRUBER, NATASHA WENzEL, DANA FIELDS- JOHNSON, AND GUSTAvO LOERA 6 The particular role of stigma 92 PATRICK W. CORRIGAN AND DROR BEN-z EEv vi Contents PART II Policy 117 7 Social policy and the American mental health system of care 119 DAvID MECHANIC AND GERALD N. GROB 8 Legislating social policy: mental illness, the community, and the law 139 JOHN PETRILA AND JEFFREY SWANSON 9 Community rights, recovery, and advocacy 161 DAvID ROE AND KIM T. MUESER 10 “No health without mental health”: the global effort to improve population mental health 174 MARK TOMLINSON, LESLIE SWARTz, AND KAREN DANIELS PART III Public health practice 193 11 Mental health service utilization in the United States: Past, present, and future 195 BENJAMIN G. DRUSS, PHILIP S. WANG, AND RONALD C. KESSLER 12 Public health approaches to improving population mental health: a local government perspective on integrating mental health promotion into general public health practice 206 ADAM KARPATI 13 Realizing the possibilities of school mental health across the public health continuum 224 CARRIE MILLS, MAURA MULLOY, AND MARK WEIST 14 Healthy aging and mental health: a public health challenge for the 21st century 248 MARIANNE C. FAHS, WILLIAM CABIN, AND WILLIAM T. GALLO Contents vii 15 Protecting urban families from community violence 283 NEAL COHEN 16 Public health and population approaches for suicide prevention 303 ERIC D. CAINE, KERRY L. KNOX, AND YEATES CONWELL Conclusion 339 17 Twenty-first century public health practice: preventing mental illness and promoting mental health 341 NEAL COHEN AND SANDRO GALEA Index 358 Contributors Sergio Aguilar-G axiola, Center for Reducing Health Disparities and Clinical and Translational Science Center, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA. Jordi Alonso, Health Services Research Unit, IMEM (Hospital del Mar Research Institute), and CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIB- ERESP), Barcelona, Spain. Dror Ben- Zeev, Institute of Psychology, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL. William Cabin, Richard Stockton College, Pomona, NJ. Eric D. Caine, Department of Psychiatry and Center for the Study and Prevention of Suicide, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, and Center of Excellence, Canandaigua vA Medical Center, Canandaigua, NY. Somnath Chatterji, Department of Measurement and Health Information Systems, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. Neal Cohen, School of Public Health, School of Social Work, Hunter Col- lege, City University of New York, New York, NY. Yeates Conwell, Department of Psychiatry and Center for the Study and Prevention of Suicide, University of Rochester Medical Center, Roches- ter, NY, and Center of Excellence, Canandaigua vA Medical Center, Canandaigua, NY. Patrick W. Corrigan, Institute of Psychology, Illinois Institute of Techno- logy, Chicago, IL. Karen Daniels, Health Systems Research Unit, Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa. Benjamin G. Druss, Department of Health Policy and Management, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA. Contributors ix Marianne C. Fahs, Health Policy and Management, City University of New York, School of Public Health at Hunter College and Graduate Center, New York, NY. Dana Fields-J ohnson, Center for Reducing Health Disparities, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA. Sandro Galea, Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY. William T. Gallo, Health Policy and Management, City University of New York School of Public Health at Hunter College and Graduate Center, New York, NY. Emily Goldmann, Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY. Gerald N. Grob, Institute for Health, Health Care Policy, and Aging Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ. Adam Karpati, Division of Mental Hygiene, Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, NY. Ronald C. Kessler, Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. Kerry L. Knox, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, and Center of Excellence, Canandaigua vA Medical Center, Canandaigua, NY. Sing Lee, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. Daphna Levinson, Research & Planning, Mental Health Services Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel. Gustavo Loera, Center for Research on Urban Education and Workforce Diversity, Mental Health America of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA. David Mechanic, Institute for Health, Health Care Policy, and Aging Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ. Carrie Mills, Division of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD. Kim T. Mueser, Departments of Psychiatry and of Community and Family Medicine, Dartmouth Medical School, Dartmouth Psychiatric Research Center. Maura Mulloy, Center for School Mental Health, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD. Johan Ormel, Department of Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University Center for Psychiatry, Groningen, the Netherlands.