Report 192 ISSN: 0889-3144 Polymers in Aerospace Applications Joel R. Fried Volume 16, Number 12 16 – 12 Expert overviews covering the science and technology of rubber and plastics RAPRA REVIEW REPORTS A Rapra Review Report comprises three sections, as follows: 1. A commissioned expert review, discussing a key topic of current interest, and referring to the References and Abstracts section. Reference numbers in brackets refer to item numbers from the References and Abstracts section. Where it has been necessary for completeness to cite sources outside the scope of the Rapra Abstracts database, these are listed at the end of the review, and cited in the text as a.1, a.2, etc. 2. A comprehensive References and Abstracts section, resulting from a search of the Rapra Polymer Library database. The format of the abstracts is outlined in the sample record below. 3. An index to the References and Abstracts section, derived from the indexing terms which are added to the abstracts records on the database to aid retrieval. Item 1 Source of Macromolecules original article 33, No.6, 21st March 2000, p.2171-83 EFFECT OF THERMAL HISTORY ON THE RHEOLOGICAL Title BEHAVIOR OF THERMOPLASTIC POLYURETHANES Authors and Pil Joong Yoon; Chang Dae Han affi liation Akron,University The effect of thermal history on the rheological behaviour of ester- and ether- based commercial thermoplastic PUs (Estane 5701, 5707 and 5714 from B.F.Goodrich) was investigated. It was found that the injection moulding temp. used for specimen preparation had a marked effect on the variations of dynamic storage and loss moduli of specimens with time observed during isothermal annealing. Analysis of FTIR spectra indicated that variations in hydrogen bonding with time during isothermal annealing very Abstract much resembled variations of dynamic storage modulus with time during isothermal annealing. Isochronal dynamic temp. sweep experiments indicated that the thermoplastic PUs exhibited a hysteresis effect in the heating and cooling processes. It was concluded that the microphase separation transition or order-disorder transition in thermoplastic PUs could not be determined from the isochronal dynamic temp. sweep experiment. The plots of log dynamic storage modulus versus log loss modulus varied with temp. over the entire range of temps. (110-190C) investigated. 57 refs. 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Telephone: ______________________ Fax: ______________________ Company PO#: _____________________________________________ E-mail: ____________________________________________________ Please Publications Sales, Smithers Rapra Technology Tel. +44 (0)1939 250383 Return to: Shawbury, Shrewsbury, Shropshire Fax: +44 (0)1939 251118 www.rapra.net SY4 4NR, United Kingdom E-mail: [email protected] Previous Titles Still Available Volume 1 Report 34 Extrusion of Rubber, J.G.A. Lovegrove, Nova Petrochemicals Inc. Report 1 Conductive Polymers, W.J. Feast Report 35 Polymers in Household Electrical Goods, D.Alvey, Report 2 Medical, Surgical and Pharmaceutical Applications of Hotpoint Ltd. Polymers, D.F. Williams Report 36 Developments in Additives to Meet Health and Report 3 Advanced Composites, D.K. Thomas, RAE, Environmental Concerns, M.J. Forrest, Rapra Farnborough. Technology Ltd. Report 4 Liquid Crystal Polymers, M.K. Cox, ICI, Wilton. Volume 4 Report 5 CAD/CAM in the Polymer Industry, N.W. Sandland and M.J. Sebborn, Cambridge Applied Technology. Report 37 Polymers in Aerospace Applications, W.W. Wright, Report 8 Engineering Thermoplastics, I.T. Barrie, Consultant. University of Surrey. Report 10 Reinforced Reaction Injection Moulding, Report 38 Epoxy Resins, K.A. Hodd P.D. Armitage, P.D. Coates and A.F. Johnson Report 39 Polymers in Chemically Resistant Applications, Report 11 Communications Applications of Polymers, D. Cattell, Cattell Consultancy Services. R. Spratling, British Telecom. Report 40 Internal Mixing of Rubber, J.C. Lupton Report 12 Process Control in the Plastics Industry, R.F. Evans, Engelmann & Buckham Ancillaries. Report 41 Failure of Plastics, S. Turner, Queen Mary College. Report 42 Polycarbonates, R. Pakull, U. Grigo, D. Freitag, Bayer AG. Volume 2 Report 43 Polymeric Materials from Renewable Resources, J.M. Methven, UMIST. Report 13 Injection Moulding of Engineering Thermoplastics, A.F. Whelan, London School of Polymer Technology. Report 44 Flammability and Flame Retardants in Plastics, J. Green, FMC Corp. Report 14 Polymers and Their Uses in the Sports and Leisure Industries, A.L. Cox and R.P. Brown, Rapra Technology Report 45 Composites - Tooling and Component Processing, N.G. Ltd. Brain, Tooltex. Report 15 Polyurethane, Materials, Processing and Applications, Report 46 Quality Today in Polymer Processing, S.H. Coulson, G. Woods, Consultant. J.A. Cousans, Exxon Chemical International Marketing. Report 16 Polyetheretherketone, D.J. Kemmish, ICI, Wilton. Report 47 Chemical Analysis of Polymers, G. Lawson, Leicester Polytechnic. Report 17 Extrusion, G.M. Gale, Rapra Technology Ltd. Report 48 Plastics in Building, C.M.A. Johansson Report 18 Agricultural and Horticultural Applications of Polymers, J.C. Garnaud, International Committee for Plastics in Agriculture. Volume 5 Report 19 Recycling and Disposal of Plastics Packaging, Report 49 Blends and Alloys of Engineering Thermoplastics, H.T. R.C. Fox, Plas/Tech Ltd. van de Grampel, General Electric Plastics BV. Report 20 Pultrusion, L. Hollaway, University of Surrey. Report 50 Automotive Applications of Polymers II, Report 21 Materials Handling in the Polymer Industry, A.N.A. Elliott, Consultant. H. Hardy, Chronos Richardson Ltd. Report 51 Biomedical Applications of Polymers, C.G. Gebelein, Report 22 Electronics Applications of Polymers, M.T.Goosey, Youngstown State University / Florida Atlantic University. Plessey Research (Caswell) Ltd. Report 52 Polymer Supported Chemical Reactions, P. Hodge, Report 23 Offshore Applications of Polymers, J.W.Brockbank, University of Manchester. Avon Industrial Polymers Ltd. Report 53 Weathering of Polymers, S.M. Halliwell, Building Report 24 Recent Developments in Materials for Food Packaging, Research Establishment. R.A. Roberts, Pira Packaging Division. Report 54 Health and Safety in the Rubber Industry, A.R. Nutt, Arnold Nutt & Co. and J. Wade. Volume 3 Report 55 Computer Modelling of Polymer Processing, Report 25 Foams and Blowing Agents, J.M. Methven, Cellcom E. Andreassen, Å. Larsen and E.L. Hinrichsen, Senter for Technology Associates. Industriforskning, Norway. Report 26 Polymers and Structural Composites in Civil Report 56 Plastics in High Temperature Applications, Engineering, L. Hollaway, University of Surrey. J. Maxwell, Consultant. Report 27 Injection Moulding of Rubber, M.A. Wheelans, Report 57 Joining of Plastics, K.W. Allen, City University. Consultant. Report 58 Physical Testing of Rubber, R.P. Brown, Rapra Report 28 Adhesives for Structural and Engineering Applications, Technology Ltd. C. O’Reilly, Loctite (Ireland) Ltd. Report 59 Polyimides - Materials, Processing and Applications, Report 29 Polymers in Marine Applications, C.F.Britton, Corrosion A.J. Kirby, Du Pont (U.K.) Ltd. Monitoring Consultancy. Report 60 Physical Testing of Thermoplastics, S.W. Hawley, Rapra Report 30 Non-destructive Testing of Polymers, W.N. Reynolds, Technology Ltd. National NDT Centre, Harwell. Report 31 Silicone Rubbers, B.R. Trego and H.W.Winnan, Volume 6 Dow Corning Ltd. Report 61 Food Contact Polymeric Materials, J.A. Sidwell, Report 32 Fluoroelastomers - Properties and Applications, Rapra Technology Ltd. D. Cook and M. Lynn, 3M United Kingdom Plc and 3M Belgium SA. Report 62 Coextrusion, D. Djordjevic, Klöckner ER-WE-PA GmbH. Report 33 Polyamides, R.S. Williams and T. Daniels, Report 63 Conductive Polymers II, R.H. Friend, University of T & N Technology Ltd. and BIP Chemicals Ltd. Cambridge, Cavendish Laboratory. Report 64 Designing with Plastics, P.R. Lewis, The Open University. Report 90 Rubber Mixing, P.R. Wood. Report 65 Decorating and Coating of Plastics, P.J. Robinson, Report 91 Recent Developments in Epoxy Resins, I. Hamerton, International Automotive Design. University of Surrey. Report 66 Reinforced Thermoplastics - Composition, Processing Report 92 Continuous Vulcanisation of Elastomer Profi les, and Applications, P.G. Kelleher, New Jersey Polymer A. Hill, Meteor Gummiwerke. Extension Center at Stevens Institute of Technology. Report 93 Advances in Thermoforming, J.L. Throne, Sherwood Report 67 Plastics in Thermal and Acoustic Building Insulation, Technologies Inc. V.L. Kefford, MRM Engineering Consultancy. Report 94 Compressive Behaviour of Composites, C. Soutis, Report 68 Cure Assessment by Physical and Chemical Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine. Techniques, B.G. Willoughby, Rapra Technology Ltd. Report 69 Toxicity of Plastics and Rubber in Fire, P.J. Fardell, Report 95 Thermal Analysis of Polymers, M. P. Sepe, Dickten & Building Research Establishment, Fire Research Station. Masch Manufacturing Co. Report 70 Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene Polymers, Report 96 Polymeric Seals and Sealing Technology, J.A. Hickman, M.E. Adams, D.J. Buckley, R.E. Colborn, W.P. England St Clair (Polymers) Ltd. and D.N. Schissel, General Electric Corporate Research and Development Center. Volume 9 Report 71 Rotational Moulding, R.J. Crawford, The Queen’s University of Belfast. Report 97 Rubber Compounding Ingredients - Need, Theory Report 72 Advances in Injection Moulding, C.A. Maier, and Innovation, Part II: Processing, Bonding, Fire Econology Ltd. Retardants, C. Hepburn, University of Ulster. Report 98 Advances in Biodegradable Polymers, G.F. Moore & S.M. Saunders, Rapra Technology Ltd. Volume 7 Report 99 Recycling of Rubber, H.J. Manuel and W. Dierkes, Report 73 Reactive Processing of Polymers, M.W.R. Brown, Vredestein Rubber Recycling B.V. P.D. Coates and A.F. Johnson, IRC in Polymer Science Report 100 Photoinitiated Polymerisation - Theory and and Technology, University of Bradford. Applications, J.P. Fouassier, Ecole Nationale Supérieure Report 74 Speciality Rubbers, J.A. Brydson. de Chimie, Mulhouse. Report 75 Plastics and the Environment, I. Boustead, Boustead Report 101 Solvent-Free Adhesives, T.E. Rolando, H.B. Fuller Consulting Ltd. Company. Report 76 Polymeric Precursors for Ceramic Materials, Report 102 Plastics in Pressure Pipes, T. Stafford, Rapra R.C.P. Cubbon. Technology Ltd. Report 77 Advances in Tyre Mechanics, R.A. Ridha, M. Theves, Report 103 Gas Assisted Moulding, T.C. Pearson, Gas Injection Ltd. Goodyear Technical Center. Report 104 Plastics Profi le Extrusion, R.J. Kent, Tangram Report 78 PVC - Compounds, Processing and Applications, Technology Ltd. J.Leadbitter, J.A. Day, J.L. Ryan, Hydro Polymers Ltd. Report 105 Rubber Extrusion Theory and Development, Report 79 Rubber Compounding Ingredients - Need, Theory B.G. Crowther. and Innovation, Part I: Vulcanising Systems, Report 106 Properties and Applications of Elastomeric Antidegradants and Particulate Fillers for General Polysulfi des, T.C.P. Lee, Oxford Brookes University. Purpose Rubbers, C. Hepburn, University of Ulster. Report 107 High Performance Polymer Fibres, P.R. Lewis, Report 80 Anti-Corrosion Polymers: PEEK, PEKK and Other The Open University. Polyaryls, G. Pritchard, Kingston University. Report 108 Chemical Characterisation of Polyurethanes, Report 81 Thermoplastic Elastomers - Properties and M.J. Forrest, Rapra Technology Ltd. Applications, J.A. Brydson. Report 82 Advances in Blow Moulding Process Optimization, Andres Garcia-Rejon,Industrial Materials Institute, Volume 10 National Research Council Canada. Report 109 Rubber Injection Moulding - A Practical Guide, Report 83 Molecular Weight Characterisation of Synthetic J.A. Lindsay. Polymers, S.R. Holding and E. Meehan, Rapra Technology Ltd. and Polymer Laboratories Ltd. Report 110 Long-Term and Accelerated Ageing Tests on Rubbers, R.P. Brown, M.J. Forrest and G. Soulagnet, Report 84 Rheology and its Role in Plastics Processing, Rapra Technology Ltd. P. Prentice, The Nottingham Trent University. Report 111 Polymer Product Failure, P.R. Lewis, The Open University. Volume 8 Report 112 Polystyrene - Synthesis, Production and Applications, J.R. Wünsch, BASF AG. Report 85 Ring Opening Polymerisation, N. Spassky, Université Pierre et Marie Curie. Report 113 Rubber-Modifi ed Thermoplastics, H. Keskkula, University of Texas at Austin. Report 86 High Performance Engineering Plastics, D.J. Kemmish, Victrex Ltd. Report 114 Developments in Polyacetylene - Nanopolyacetylene, V.M. Kobryanskii, Russian Academy of Sciences. Report 87 Rubber to Metal Bonding, B.G. Crowther, Rapra Technology Ltd. Report 115 Metallocene-Catalysed Polymerisation, W. Kaminsky, University of Hamburg. Report 88 Plasticisers - Selection, Applications and Implications, A.S. Wilson. Report 116 Compounding in Co-rotating Twin-Screw Extruders, Y. Wang, Tunghai University. Report 89 Polymer Membranes - Materials, Structures and Separation Performance, T. deV. Naylor, The Smart Report 117 Rapid Prototyping, Tooling and Manufacturing, R.J.M. Chemical Company. Hague and P.E. Reeves, Edward Mackenzie Consulting. Report 118 Liquid Crystal Polymers - Synthesis, Properties and Volume 13 Applications, D. Coates, CRL Ltd. Report 145 Multi-Material Injection Moulding, V. Goodship and Report 119 Rubbers in Contact with Food, M.J. Forrest and J.C. Love, The University of Warwick. J.A. Sidwell, Rapra Technology Ltd. Report 120 Electronics Applications of Polymers II, M.T. Goosey, Report 146 In-Mould Decoration of Plastics, J.C. Love and Shipley Ronal. V. Goodship, The University of Warwick. Report 147 Rubber Product Failure, Roger P. Brown. Report 148 Plastics Waste – Feedstock Recycling, Chemical Volume 11 Recycling and Incineration, A. Tukker, TNO. Report 121 Polyamides as Engineering Thermoplastic Materials, Report 149 Analysis of Plastics, Martin J. Forrest, Rapra Technology Ltd. I.B. Page, BIP Ltd. Report 150 Mould Sticking, Fouling and Cleaning, D.E. Packham, Report 122 Flexible Packaging - Adhesives, Coatings and Materials Research Centre, University of Bath. Processes, T.E. Rolando, H.B. Fuller Company. Report 151 Rigid Plastics Packaging - Materials, Processes and Report 123 Polymer Blends, L.A. Utracki, National Research Council Applications, F. Hannay, Nampak Group Research & Canada. Development. Report 124 Sorting of Waste Plastics for Recycling, R.D. Pascoe, Report 152 Natural and Wood Fibre Reinforcement in Polymers, University of Exeter. A.K. Bledzki, V.E. Sperber and O. Faruk, University of Report 125 Structural Studies of Polymers by Solution NMR, Kassel. H.N. Cheng, Hercules Incorporated. Report 153 Polymers in Telecommunication Devices, G.H. Cross, University of Durham. Report 126 Composites for Automotive Applications, C.D. Rudd, Report 154 Polymers in Building and Construction, S.M. Halliwell, University of Nottingham. BRE. Report 127 Polymers in Medical Applications, B.J. Lambert and Report 155 Styrenic Copolymers, Andreas Chrisochoou and F.-W. Tang, Guidant Corp., and W.J. Rogers, Consultant. Daniel Dufour, Bayer AG. Report 156 Life Cycle Assessment and Environmental Impact Report 128 Solid State NMR of Polymers, P.A. Mirau, of Polymeric Products, T.J. O’Neill, Polymeron Lucent Technologies. Consultancy Network. Report 129 Failure of Polymer Products Due to Photo-oxidation, D.C. Wright. Volume 14 Report 130 Failure of Polymer Products Due to Chemical Attack, D.C. Wright. Report 157 Developments in Colorants for Plastics, Ian N. Christensen. Report 131 Failure of Polymer Products Due to Thermo-oxidation, D.C. Wright. Report 158 Geosynthetics, David I. Cook. Report 159 Biopolymers, R.M. Johnson, L.Y. Mwaikambo and Report 132 Stabilisers for Polyolefi ns, C. Kröhnke and F. Werner, N. Tucker, Warwick Manufacturing Group. Clariant Huningue SA. Report 160 Emulsion Polymerisation and Applications of Latex, Christopher D. Anderson and Eric S. Daniels, Emulsion Polymers Institute. Volume 12 Report 161 Emissions from Plastics, C. Henneuse-Boxus and T. Pacary, Certech. Report 133 Advances in Automation for Plastics Injection Moulding, J. Mallon, Yushin Inc. Report 162 Analysis of Thermoset Materials, Precursors and Products, Martin J. Forrest, Rapra Technology Ltd. Report 134 Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy of Polymers, Report 163 Polymer/Layered Silicate Nanocomposites, Masami J.L. Koenig, Case Western Reserve University. Okamoto, Toyota Technological Institute. Report 135 Polymers in Sport and Leisure, R.P. Brown. Report 164 Cure Monitoring for Composites and Adhesives, David R. Mulligan, NPL. Report 136 Radiation Curing, R.S. Davidson, DavRad Services. Report 165 Polymer Enhancement of Technical Textiles, Report 137 Silicone Elastomers, P. Jerschow, Wacker-Chemie GmbH. Roy W. Buckley. Report 166 Developments in Thermoplastic Elastomers, Report 138 Health and Safety in the Rubber Industry, N. Chaiear, K.E. Kear Khon Kaen University. Report 167 Polyolefi n Foams, N.J. Mills, Metallurgy and Materials, Report 139 Rubber Analysis - Polymers, Compounds and University of Birmingham. Products, M.J. Forrest, Rapra Technology Ltd. Report 168 Plastic Flame Retardants: Technology and Current Report 140 Tyre Compounding for Improved Performance, Developments, J. Innes and A. Innes, Flame Retardants M.S. Evans, Kumho European Technical Centre. Associates Inc. Report 141 Particulate Fillers for Polymers, Professor R.N. Rothon, Rothon Consultants and Manchester Metropolitan Volume 15 University. Report 169 Engineering and Structural Adhesives, David J. Dunn, Report 142 Blowing Agents for Polyurethane Foams, S.N. Singh, FLD Enterprises Inc. Huntsman Polyurethanes. Report 170 Polymers in Agriculture and Horticulture, Report 143 Adhesion and Bonding to Polyolefi ns, D.M. Brewis and Roger P. Brown. I. Mathieson, Institute of Surface Science & Technology, Report 171 PVC Compounds and Processing, Stuart Patrick. Loughborough University. Report 172 Troubleshooting Injection Moulding, Vanessa Goodship, Report 144 Rubber Curing Systems, R.N. Datta, Flexsys BV. Warwick Manufacturing Group. Report 173 Regulation of Food Packaging in Europe and the USA, Derek J. Knight and Lesley A. Creighton, Safepharm Laboratories Ltd. Report 174 Pharmaceutical Applications of Polymers for Drug Delivery, David Jones, Queen's University, Belfast. Report 175 Tyre Recycling, Valerie L. Shulman, European Tyre Recycling Association (ETRA). Report 176 Polymer Processing with Supercritical Fluids, V. Goodship and E.O. Ogur. Report 177 Bonding Elastomers: A Review of Adhesives & Processes, G. Polaski, J. Means, B. Stull, P. Warren, K. Allen, D. Mowrey and B. Carney. Report 178 Mixing of Vulcanisable Rubbers and Thermoplastic Elastomers, P.R. Wood. Report 179 Polymers in Asphalt, H.L. Robinson, Tarmac Ltd, UK. Report 180 Biocides in Plastics, D. Nichols, Thor Overseas Limited. Volume 16 Report 181 New EU Regulation of Chemicals: REACH, D.J. Knight, SafePharm Laboratories Ltd. Report 182 Food Contact Rubbers 2 - Products, Migration and Regulation, M.J. Forrest. Report 183 Adhesion to Fluoropolymers, D.M. Brewis and R.H. Dahm, IPTME, Loughborough University. Report 184 Fluoroplastics, J.G. Drobny. Report 185 Epoxy Composites: Impact Resistance and Flame Retardancy, Debdatta Ratna. Report 186 Coatings and Inks for Food Contact Materials, Martin Forrest, Smithers Rapra. Report 187 Nucleating Agents, Stuart Fairgrieve, SPF Polymer Consultants. Report 188 Silicone Products for Food Contact Applications, Martin Forrest, Smithers Rapra. Report 189 Degradation and Stabilisation of Polymers, Stuart Fairgrieve, SPF Polymer Consultants Report 190 Electrospinning Jon Stanger, New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Nick Tucker, New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Mark Staiger, Univeristy of Canterbury, New Zeland Report 191 Polyvinylalcohol: Materials, Processing and Applications Vannessa Goodship, Warwick Manufacturing Group, University of Warwick Daniel Jacobs, Warwick Manufacturing Group, University of Warwick Polymers in Aerospace Applications Joel R. Fried ISBN: 978-1-84735-093-0 Polymers in Aerospace Applications Contents 1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................3 2. Adhesives ......................................................................................................................................................3 3. Coatings ........................................................................................................................................................3 4. Fibres .............................................................................................................................................................3 4.1 Fibre Types ...........................................................................................................................................3 4.1.1 Carbon-Based Fibres ...............................................................................................................3 4.1.2 Inorganic Fibres ......................................................................................................................4 4.1.3 Polymeric Fibres .....................................................................................................................5 4.1.4 Hybrid Fibres ..........................................................................................................................6 4.2 Fibre Forms .........................................................................................................................................6 4.3 Interfacial Properties ............................................................................................................................6 4.3.1 Coupling Agents .....................................................................................................................6 4.3.2 Surface Treatment ...................................................................................................................7 5. Composites ....................................................................................................................................................7 5.1 Matrix Polymers ...................................................................................................................................7 5.1.1 Thermosetting Matrices .........................................................................................................8 5.1.2 TP Matrices ..........................................................................................................................10 5.2 Fabrication Methods ..........................................................................................................................12 5.3 Non-destructive Testing ......................................................................................................................12 6. Nanocomposites ..........................................................................................................................................13 6.1 Nano-Reinforcements ........................................................................................................................13 6.2 Processing ..........................................................................................................................................15 6.3 Properties of Nanocomposites ............................................................................................................15 7. Foams ..........................................................................................................................................................16 References ........................................................................................................................................................16 Abbreviations ...................................................................................................................................................16 Abstracts ..........................................................................................................................................................19 Index ..............................................................................................................................................................131 1 Polymers in Aerospace Applications Author contact details: Joel R. Fried Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering University of Cincinnati 2600 Clifton Avenue, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221 USA The views and opinions expressed by authors in Rapra Review Reports do not necessarily refl ect those of Smithers Rapra Technology or the editor. The series is published on the basis that no responsibility or liability of any nature shall attach to Smithers Rapra Technology arising out of or in connection with any utilisation in any form of any material contained therein. 2