Pollution Prevention and Abatement title: Handbook, 1998 : Toward Cleaner Production author: publisher: World Bank isbn10 | asin: 082133638X print isbn13: 9780821336380 ebook isbn13: 9780585256863 language: English Factory and trade waste--Management, subject Pollution prevention. publication date: 1999 lcc: TD897.5.P645 1999eb ddc: 363.73/1 Factory and trade waste--Management, subject: Pollution prevention. Page i Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook 1998 Toward Cleaner Production The World Bank Group in collaboration with the United Nations Environment Programme and the United Nations Industrial Development Organization Page ii Copyright © 1999 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/THE WORLD BANK 1818 H Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A. All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America First printing April 1999 This report has been prepared by the staff of the World Bank. The judgments expressed do not necessarily reflect the views of the Board of Executive Directors or of the governments they represent. The material in this publication is copyrighted. The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission promptly. Permission to photocopy items for internal or personal use, for the internal or personal use of specific clients, or for educational classroom use, is granted by the World Bank, provided that the appropriate fee is paid directly to Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, U.S.A., telephone 978-750-8400, fax 978-750-4470. Please contact the Copyright Clearance Center before photocopying items. For permission to reprint individual articles or chapters, please fax your request with complete information to the Republication Department, Copyright Clearance Center, fax 978-750-4470. All other queries on rights and licenses should be addressed to the Office of the Publisher, World Bank, at the address above or faxed to 202-522- 2422. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Pollution prevention and abatement handbook, 1998 : toward cleaner production / in collaboration with the United Nations Environment Programme and the United Nations Industrial Development Organization. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 0-8213-3638-X 1. Factory and trade wasteManagement. 2. Pollution prevention. I. United Nations Industrial Development Organization. II. United Nations Environment Programme. III. World Health Organization. IV. World Bank Group. TD897.5.P645 1998 363.73'1dc21 98-34574 CIP The text and the cover are printed on recycled paper, with a flood aqueous coating on the cover. Page iii CONTENTS Acknowledgments vi Foreword vii Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Data Notes ix I 1 Overview Pollution Management: Key Policy Lessons 3 II 11 Implementing Policies in Practice Basic Principles Indicators of Pollution Management 13 The Environmental Assessment Process 22 Types of Environmental Standards 27 Principles of Waste Avoidance and Utilization 29 Efficient Use of Energy 32 Monitoring Environmental Quality 38 Setting Priorities Comparative Risk Assessment 45 Economic Analysis of Environmental Externalities 54 The Effects of Pollution on Health: The Economic Toll 63 Public Involvement in Pollution Management 72 Analytical Support for Cost-Effective Pollution Control 78 Air Quality Management Airshed Models 82 Removal of Lead from Gasoline 91 Urban Air Quality Management 96 Water Quality Management Water Quality Models 101 Integrated Wastewater Management 108 Optimizing Wastewater Treatment 114 Page iv Industrial Pollution Management Developing a Culture of Industrial Environmental 120 Compliance Environmental Audits in Industrial Projects 125 Environmental Management Systems and ISO 14000 129 Implementing Cleaner Production 136 Management of Hazardous Wastes 144 Pollutant Release and Transfer Registers 151 Financing Environment Environmental Funds 155 Pollution Charges: Lessons from Implementation 160 Global and Transboundary Issues Greenhouse Gas Abatement and Climate Change 169 Least-Cost Approaches to Reducing Acid Emissions 175 III 179 Project Guidelines Principles of Industrial Pollution Management 181 Monitoring 186 Summary of Air Emission and Effluent Discharge 193 Requirements Presented in the Industry Guidelines Pollutants Airborne Particulate Matter 201 Arsenic 208 Cadmium 212 Lead 215 Mercury 219 Nitrogen Oxides 223 Ground-Level Ozone 227 Sulfur Oxides 231 Pollutant Control Technologies Airborne Particulate Matter: Pollution Prevention and 235 Control Removal of Lead from Gasoline: Technical 240 Considerations Nitrogen Oxides: Pollution Prevention and Control 245 Ozone-Depleting Substances: Alternatives 250 Sulfur Oxides: Pollution Prevention and Control 258 Industry Sector Guidelines Aluminum Manufacturing 261 Base Metal and Iron Ore Mining 267 Breweries 272 Cement Manufacturing 275 Chlor-Alkali Plants 279 Coal Mining and Production 282 Coke Manufacturing 286 Copper Smelting 291 Dairy Industry 295 Page v Dye Manufacturing 298 Electronics Manufacturing 302 Electroplating 307 Foundries 312 Fruit and Vegetable Processing 316 Glass Manufacturing 320 Industrial Estates 324 Iron and Steel Manufacturing 327 Lead and Zinc Smelting 332 Meat Processing and Rendering 337 Mini Steel Mills 341 Mixed Fertilizer Plants 345 Nickel Smelting and Refining 349 Nitrogenous Fertilizer Plants 353 Oil and Gas Development (Onshore) 359 Pesticides Formulation 363 Pesticides Manufacturing 367 Petrochemicals Manufacturing 371 Petroleum Refining 377 Pharmaceuticals Manufacturing 382 Phosphate Fertilizer Plants 387