Politics in China Politics in China An Introduction S e c o n d ed i t i o n Edited By William A. Joseph 1 1 Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press in the UK and certain other countries. Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016 © Oxford University Press 2014 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by license, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reproduction rights organization. Inquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above. You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Politics in China : an introduction /Second edition/ edited by William A. Joseph. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 978–0–19–933942–6 (hardcover : alk. paper)—1. China—Politics and government. I. Joseph, William A. JQ1510.P655 2010 320.951—dc22 2009027998 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper To my Sino-mentors, John Wilson Lewis and Harry Harding 子曰、 學而時習之、不亦說乎 The Master said, “To learn something, and then to put it into practice at the right time: is this not a joy?” Confucius, The Analects, Chapter 1, Verse 1 Translated by Simon Leys, Norton, 1997 Contents List of Illustrations ix Acknowledgments xi List of Contributors xiii Abbreviations xvii intRodUction 1 1 Studying Chinese Politics 3 (William A. Joseph) PARt i tHe PoLiticAL HiStoRY oF ModeRn cHinA 2 From Empire to People’s Republic 41 (R. Keith Schoppa) 3 Mao Zedong in Power (1949–1976) 72 (Frederick C. Teiwes) 4 Deng Xiaoping and His Successors (1976 to the Present) 119 (Bruce Gilley) PARt ii ideoLoGY, GoVeRnAnce, LAW, And PoLiticAL econoMY 5 Ideology and China’s Political Development 149 (William A. Joseph) 6 China’s Communist Party-State: The Structure and Dynamics of Power 192 (Cheng Li) viii C o n t e n t s 7 China’s Legal System 224 (Jacques deLisle) 8 China’s Political Economy 254 (David Zweig) PARt iii PoLiticS And PoLicY in Action 9 Rural China: Reform and Resistance 293 (John James Kennedy) 10 Urban China: Change and Contention 320 (William Hurst) 11 Policy Case Study: The Arts 342 (Richard Curt Kraus) 12 Policy Case Study: The Environment 352 (Katherine Morton) 13 Policy Case Study: Public Health 365 (Joan Kaufman) 14 Population Policy 380 (Tyrene White) PARt iV PoLiticS on cHinA'S PeRiPHeRY 15 Tibet 401 (Robert Barnett) 16 Xinjiang 428 (Gardner Bovingdon) 17 Hong Kong 452 (Sonny Shiu-Hing Lo) 18 Taiwan 468 (Shelley Rigger) Timeline of Modern Chinese Political History 485 Glossary 491 Index 527 List of Illustrations MAPS Map of China xix Tibet Autonomous Region and Tibetan Plateau 403 Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region 431 Hong Kong 453 Taiwan 470 FiGUReS 1.1 China’s Economic Growth, 1980–2012 4 1.2 Administrative Divisions of the People’s Republic of China Data 9 1.3 Chinese History from Imperial Times to the Present 12 6.1 Organization of the Chinese Communist Party 195 6.2 Organization of the People’s Republic of China 200 6.3 CCP Membership, 1949–2013 204 6.4 Occupations of CCP Members, 2011 204 6.5 Politburo Members with Provincial Experience, 1992–2012 207 6.6 Membership Turnover of Top CCP Organizations at the 18th Party Congress, November 2012 214 8.1 China’s Agricultural Output, 1978–2012 (% annual growth) 263 8.2 China’s GDP by Sector of the Economy, 1976–2012 269 8.3 China’s Foreign Trade, 1980–2012 275 8.4 China’s Imports and Exports as a Percent of GDP, 1978–2012 275 8.5 China’s Going Out Strategy: Annual Non-Financial Foreign Direct Investment and Number of Firms 279