Politics and Legitimacy in Post-Soviet Eurasia Alsobytheeditors J.AhrensandH.W.Hoen(eds),EconomicDevelopmentinCentralAsia:Institutional UnderpinningsofFactorMarkets,EmergingMarketsStudies,2014. J. Ahrens and H.W. Hoen (eds), Institutional Reform in Central Asia. Politico- EconomicChallenges,CentralAsianStudies,2013. J.Ahrens,R.CaspersandJ.Weingarth(eds),GoodGovernanceinthe21stCentury: Conflict,InstitutionalChangeandDevelopmentintheEraofGlobalization,2011. J.AhrensandR.Ohr(eds),ZehnJahreVertragvonMaastricht,2003. J. Ahrens, Governance and Economic Development. A Comparative Institutional Approach,2002. M.Brusis,K.StaronˇováandR.Zubek(eds),StrategicPolicymakinginCentraland Eastern Europe, Network of Schools and Institutes of Public Administration in CentralandEasternEurope,2008. M.BrusisandJ.Emmanouilidis(eds),ThinkingEnlarged.TheAccessionCountries andtheFutureoftheEuropeanUnion,2002. M.SchulzeWessel.RusslandsBlickaufPreußen.DiepolnischeFrageinderDiplomatie und politischen Öffentlichkeit des Zarenreiches und des Sowjetstaates 1697–1947, 1995. M. Schulze Wessel. Revolution und religiöser Dissens. Der römisch-katholische und russisch-orthodoxe Klerus als Träger religiösen Wandels in den böhmischen Ländern undderHabsburgermonarchiebzw.inRussland1848–1922,2011. Politics and Legitimacy in Post-Soviet Eurasia Editedby Martin Brusis Director,CompetenceNetworkonInstitutionsandInstitutionalChangein Postsocialism,LudwigMaximilianUniversityofMunich,Germany Joachim Ahrens ProfessorofInternationalEconomics,PrivateUniversityofAppliedSciences,Göttingen, Germany Martin Schulze Wessel ChairfortheHistoryofEastandSoutheastEurope,LudwigMaximilianUniversityof Munich,Germany Selectionandeditorialmatter©MartinBrusis,JoachimAhrensand MartinSchulzeWessel2016 Individualchapters©Respectiveauthors2016 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2016 978-1-137-48943-2 Allrightsreserved.Noreproduction,copyortransmissionofthis publicationmaybemadewithoutwrittenpermission. Noportionofthispublicationmaybereproduced,copiedortransmitted savewithwrittenpermissionorinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthe Copyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988,orunderthetermsofanylicence permittinglimitedcopyingissuedbytheCopyrightLicensingAgency, SaffronHouse,6–10KirbyStreet,LondonEC1N8TS. Anypersonwhodoesanyunauthorizedactinrelationtothispublication maybeliabletocriminalprosecutionandcivilclaimsfordamages. Theauthorshaveassertedtheirrightstobeidentifiedastheauthorsofthiswork inaccordancewiththeCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988. Firstpublished2016by PALGRAVEMACMILLAN PalgraveMacmillanintheUKisanimprintofMacmillanPublishersLimited, registeredinEngland,companynumber785998,ofHoundmills,Basingstoke, HampshireRG216XS. PalgraveMacmillanintheUSisadivisionofStMartin’sPressLLC, 175FifthAvenue,NewYork,NY10010. PalgraveMacmillanistheglobalacademicimprintoftheabovecompanies andhascompaniesandrepresentativesthroughouttheworld. Palgrave®andMacmillan®areregisteredtrademarksintheUnitedStates, theUnitedKingdom,Europeandothercountries. ISBN 978-1-349-56928-1 ISBN 978-1-137-48944-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9781137489449 Thisbookisprintedonpapersuitableforrecyclingandmadefromfully managedandsustainedforestsources.Logging,pulpingandmanufacturing processesareexpectedtoconformtotheenvironmentalregulationsofthe countryoforigin. AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Politicsandlegitimacyinpost-SovietEurasia/editedbyJoachimAhrens,MartinBrusis, MartinSchulzeWessel. pages cm Summary:“PoliticallegitimacyhasbecomeascarceresourceinRussiaandother post-SovietstatesinEurasia.Theircapacitytodeliverprosperityhassufferedfrom economiccrisis,theconflictinUkraineandtheensuingconfrontationwiththeWest. Willnationalismandrepressionenablepoliticalregimestosurvive?Thisbook investigatesthepoliticsoflegitimationinpost-Sovietcountries,focusingonhow politicalandintellectualelitesexploitdifferentmodesoflegitimation.Combining cross-nationalcomparisonsandcountrycasestudies,itaddressesstate-economy relations,pro-presidentialparties,courts,ideasofnationhood,historicaland literarynarratives.Weakeconomicperformance,evidenceofelectoralfraud, unresponsivegovernmentsandthewaningauthorityofpresidentscontinueto jeopardizeinstitutionallegitimacy.Whilstincumbenteliteshavebeenabletoshift betweenlegitimationmodes,thiscollectionarguesthatshiftstowardsnationalism, artificialcharismaandtraditionalismwillnotbesufficientinthelongtermto keepelitesinpower”—Providedbypublisher. 1. Legitimacyofgovernments—FormerSovietrepublics. 2. FormerSoviet republics—Politicsandgovernment. 3. Elite(Socialsciences)—Political activity—FormerSovietrepublics. 4. Post-communism—FormerSovietrepublics. I. Ahrens,Joachim,1963–editorofcompilation. II. Brusis,Martin, editorofcompilation. III. SchulzeWessel,Martin,1962–editorofcompilation. JN6581.P582015 320.947—dc23 2015019851 Contents ListofFiguresandTables vii Acknowledgments viii ListofContributors ix 1 ThePoliticsofLegitimationinPost-SovietEurasia 1 MartinBrusis 2 ComparingLegitimationStrategiesinPost-Soviet Countries 18 ChristianvonSoestandJuliaGrauvogel 3 StateCapitalisminEurasia:ADual-EconomyApproachto CentralAsia 47 JoachimAhrens,HermanW.HoenandMartinC.Spechler 4 LegitimationandthePartyofPowerinKazakhstan 72 AdeleDelSordi 5 LegitimacyandState-LedEconomicPolicyinGeorgia 97 ChristianTimm 6 Legitimacy,AccountabilityandDiscretionoftheRussian Courts 121 AlexeiTrochev 7 ConceptsoftheNationandLegitimationinBelarus 148 FabianBurkhardt 8 StatePrograms,InstitutionsandMemoryinRussia 172 PhilippBürger 9 Cynics,LoyalistsandRebelsinRecentRussianFiction: LiteraryScenariosofLegitimationandthePursuitof ‘SovereignDemocracy’ 193 AlfredSproedeandOleksandrZabirko v vi Contents 10 ComparativeConclusions:LegitimacyandLegitimationin EurasianPost-CommunistStates 223 LeslieHolmes Index 246 Figures and Tables Figures 2.1 LegitimationstrategiesinRussiaandthewesternPSE states 25 2.2 LegitimationstrategiesintheCaucasus 29 2.3 LegitimationstrategiesinCentralAsia 32 6.1 Court-orderedamountstobepaidbyfederalagencies 138 10.1 Eurasiandemocracyratings,rank-orderedby2013 percentilerank 237 Tables 1.1 Modesandobjectsoflegitimation 11 2.1 Summaryofclaimstolegitimacy 20 2.2 Regimedatesassessedbyexperts 23 6.1 Judge-approveddetentionsinRussia 126 6.2 Registeredcrimesofwrongfuldetentionunderarticle 301ofthecriminalcodeinRussia,1997–2010 127 6.3 ‘CitizenVersusGovernment’lawsuitsinRussiancourts ofgeneraljurisdiction,2007–2013 134 6.4 Lawsuitsregardingunlawfulgovernment actions/decisionsatalllevelshandledbyRussiancourts ofgeneraljurisdiction(thousands) 135 10.1 EconomicperformanceofEurasianpost-communist states 231 10.2 InequalityandunemploymentinEurasian post-communiststates 232 10.3 PerceivedcorruptionlevelsinEurasianpost-communist states,2014 235 10.4 Multi-partyparliamentaryelectionsinEurasian post-communiststates,1992–2014 240 vii Acknowledgments This volume presents findings from a multi-disciplinary research networkthathasbeenfundedbytheGermanFederalMinistryofEdu- cation and Research (BMBF). Aimed at strengthening area studies in Germany, the network has brought together scholars who are study- ingthegeneration,contestationanderosionofinstitutionallegitimacy in post-Soviet countries. Draft versions of the chapters for this volume were presented and debated at a workshop held in November 2013 at SiemensStiftunginMunich. Theeditorswouldliketothankallparticipantsofthisworkshopand all colleagues involved in the network for their stimulating comments andhelpfulsuggestionsduringthepreparatoryprocess.Theeditorsare particularly grateful to Leslie Holmes, who crossed the globe several times to inspire and enrich this work, to Jutta Scherrer for her invalu- ableadviceandtoBarbaraSerfozowhotookgreatcareinpolishingthe Englishlanguageandeditingthechapters.WealsothanktheBMBFfor its generous funding, Rolf Geserick as well as Angelika Baldus for their professionalguidanceonalladministrativeissuesandSiemensStiftung forhostingourworkshop. viii Contributors Joachim Ahrens is Professor of International Economics at the Private UniversityofAppliedSciences,Göttingen,Germany. Martin Brusis is Managing Director of the project network ‘Institu- tionsandInstitutionalChangeinPostsocialism’,UniversityofMunich, Germany. Philipp Bürger is a historian and PhD candidate at the Institute of Historiography,UniversityofMunich,Germany. FabianBurkhardtisaPhDstudentinPoliticalScienceattheGraduate School of East and Southeast European Studies, University of Munich, Germany. Adele Del Sordi is a post-doctoralresearcher in Political Science at the UniversityofAmsterdam,TheNetherlands. Julia Grauvogel is a research fellow at the GIGA German Institute for GlobalandAreaStudies,Hamburg,andaPhDstudentattheUniversity ofHamburg,Germany. HermanW.HoenisProfessorofInternationalPoliticalEconomyatthe UniversityofGroningen,TheNetherlands. LeslieHolmesisProfessorEmeritusofPoliticalScienceattheUniversity ofMelbourne,Australia. Martin Schulze Wessel is Professor of History of East and Southeast EuropeattheUniversityofMunich,Germany. Martin C. Spechler is Professor of Economics at Indiana University, USA. AlfredSproedeisProfessorofSlavonicandBalticLiteratures,University ofMünster,Germany. ix