The Palgrave Macmillan POLITICS FourthEdition ANDREW HEYWOOD POLITICS Palgrave Foundations A series of introductory texts across a wide range of subject areas to meet the needs of today’s lecturers and students Foundationstexts provide complete yet concise coverage of core topics and skills based on detailed research of course requirements suitable for both independent study and class use – the firm foundations for future study. Published A History of English Literature (second edition) Biology British Politics (second edition) Chemistry (fourth edition) Communication Studies Contemporary Europe (third edition) Economics Economics for Business European Union Politics Foundations of Marketing Global Politics Modern British History Nineteenth-Century Britain Philosophy Physics (third edition) Politics (fourth edition) Theatre Studies POLITICS Fourth Edition ANDREW HEYWOOD © Andrew Heywood 1997, 2002, 2007, 2013 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First edition 1997 Second edition 2002 Third edition 2007 Fourth edition 2013 Published by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries ISBN 978–0–230–36337–3 hardback ISBN 978–0–230–36338–0 paperback This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Heywood, Andrew. Politics / Andrew Heywood. –4th ed. p. cm. ISBN 978-0-230-36338-0 1. Political science. I. Title. JA66.H45 2013 320–dc23 2012024723 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 Printed and bound in China Brief Contents 1 What is Politics? 1 2 Political Ideas and Ideologies 27 3 Politics and the State 56 4 Democracy and Legitimacy 80 5 Nations and Nationalism 108 6 Political Economy and Globalization 128 7 Politics, Society and Identity 151 8 Political Culture and the Media 171 9 Representation, Elections and Voting 196 10 Parties and Party Systems 221 11 Groups, Interests and Movements 244 12 Governments, Systems and Regimes 265 13 Political Executives and Leadership 284 14 Assemblies 309 15 Constitutions, Law and Judges 331 16 Public Policy and the Bureaucracy 351 17 Multilevel Politics 378 18 Security: Domestic and International 399 19 World Order and Global Governance 421 20 A Crisis in Politics? 443 v This page intentionally left blank Contents List of Illustrative Material xii Feminism 49 Preface to the Fourth Edition xvii Green politics 50 Using This Book xviii Cosmopolitanism 51 Guide to the Key Features xx Non-western ideological trends 52 Acknowledgements xxii Summary 55 Questions for discussion 55 1 What is Politics? 1 Further reading 55 Preview 1 3 Politics and the State 56 Key issues 1 DEFINING POLITICS 2 Preview 56 Politics as the art of government 3 Key issues 56 Politics as public affairs 5 DEFINING THE STATE 57 Politics as compromise and consensus 8 DEBATING THE STATE 60 Politics as power 9 Rival theories of the state 60 STUDYING POLITICS 12 The role of the state 67 Approaches to the study of politics 12 ECLIPSE OF THE STATE? 72 Concepts, models and theories 18 Decline and fall of the state 72 POLITICS IN A GLOBAL AGE 23 Return of the state? 76 Beyond the domestic/international Summary 79 divide? 23 Questions for discussion 79 Summary 26 Further reading 79 Questions for discussion 26 Further reading 26 4 Democracy and Legitimacy 80 2 Political Ideas and Ideologies 27 Preview 80 Key issues 80 Preview 27 LEGITIMACY AND POLITICAL STABILITY 81 Key issues 27 Legitimizing power 81 WHAT IS POLITICAL IDEOLOGY? 28 Legitimation crises and revolutions 83 CLASSICAL IDEOLOGICAL TRADITIONS 30 Democratic legitimacy 86 Liberalism 31 DEMOCRACY 89 Conservatism 34 Understanding democracy 89 Socialism 38 Models of democracy 93 OTHER IDEOLOGICAL TRADITIONS 46 Democracy in practice: rival views 99 Fascism 47 Towards cosmopolitan democracy? 105 Anarchism 48 Summary 107 vii viii CONTENTS Questions for discussion 107 New technology and the ‘information Further reading 107 society’ 154 No such thing as society? 157 IDENTITY POLITICS 160 5 Nations and Nationalism 108 Rise of identity politics 160 Preview 108 Race and ethnicity 160 Key issues 108 Gender politics 163 WHAT IS A NATION? 109 Religion and politics 164 Nations as cultural communities 110 Cultural diversity 165 Nations as political communities 112 Summary 170 VARIETIES OF NATIONALISM 115 Questions for discussion 170 Liberal nationalism 116 Further reading 170 Conservative nationalism 118 Expansionist nationalism 120 8 Political Culture and the Media 171 Anticolonial and postcolonial Preview 171 nationalism 122 A FUTURE FOR THE NATION-STATE? 123 Key issues 171 POLITICAL CULTURE 172 Summary 127 Civic culture or ideological hegemony?172 Questions for discussion 127 Decline of social capital? 175 Further reading 127 THE MEDIA AND POLITICAL COMMUNICATION 178 6 Political Economy and Theories of the mass media 178 Globalization 128 Media, democracy and governance 182 Political communication 191 Preview 128 Summary 195 Key issues 128 POLITICAL ECONOMY 129 Questions for discussion 195 Further reading 195 Approaches to political economy 129 Varieties of capitalism 131 9 Representation, Elections and Managed or unmanaged capitalism? 135 Voting 196 Alternatives to capitalism 138 GLOBALIZATION 141 Preview 196 Understanding globalization 141 Key issues 196 Rise of neoliberal globalization 144 REPRESENTATION 197 The 2007–09 Crash and its legacy 146 Theories of representation 197 Summary 150 ELECTIONS 202 Questions for discussion 150 Functions of elections 205 Further reading 150 Electoral systems: debates and controversies 206 7 Politics, Society and Identity 151 What do elections mean? 213 VOTING BEHAVIOUR 216 Preview 151 Summary 220 Key issues 151 POLITICS AND SOCIETY 152 Questions for discussion 220 Further reading 220 From industrialism to post-industrialism 152 CONTENTS ix 10 Parties and Party Systems 221 New democracies 275 East Asian regimes 277 Preview 221 Islamic regimes 279 Key issues 221 Military regimes 281 PARTY POLITICS 222 Summary 283 Types of party 222 Questions for discussion 283 Functions of parties 227 Further reading 283 Party organization: where does power lie? 231 13 Political Executives and PARTY SYSTEMS 233 Leadership 284 One-party systems 234 Two-party systems 235 Preview 284 Dominant-party systems 237 Key issues 284 ROLE OF THE EXECUTIVE 285 Multiparty systems 239 DECLINE OF PARTIES? 241 Who’s who in the executive? 285 Summary 243 Functions of political executives 286 POWER IN THE EXECUTIVE: WHO Questions for discussion 243 LEADS? 288 Further reading 243 Presidents 289 11 Groups, Interests and Prime ministers 293 Movements 244 Cabinets 298 THE POLITICS OF LEADERSHIP 300 Preview 244 Theories of leadership 301 Key issues 244 Styles of leadership 304 GROUP POLITICS 245 Summary 308 Types of group 246 Questions for discussion 308 Models of group politics 249 Further reading 308 Patterns of group politics 254 SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 260 14 Assemblies 309 New social movements 260 Preview 309 Summary 264 Key issues 309 Questions for discussion 264 ROLE OF ASSEMBLIES 310 Further reading 264 Parliamentary, presidential and 12 Governments, Systems and semi-presidential systems 310 Regimes 265 Functions of assemblies 314 STRUCTURE OF ASSEMBLIES 318 Preview 265 Unicameralism or bicameralism? 318 Key issues 265 Committee systems 321 TRADITIONAL SYSTEMS OF PERFORMANCE OF ASSEMBLIES 323 CLASSIFICATION 266 Do assemblies make policy? 323 Why classify political systems? 266 Why are assemblies in decline? 326 Classical typologies 267 The rise of assemblies? 329 The ‘three worlds’ typology 269 Summary 330 REGIMES OF THE MODERN WORLD 270 Questions for discussion 330 Western polyarchies 273 Further reading 330