E. Mark Cummings Christine E. Merrilees Laura K. Taylor Christina F. Mondi Political Violence, Armed Conflict, and Youth Adjustment A Developmental Psychopathology Perspective on Research and Intervention fl Political Violence, Armed Con ict, and Youth Adjustment E. Mark Cummings Christine E. Merrilees (cid:129) Laura K. Taylor Christina F. Mondi (cid:129) Political Violence, Armed fl Con ict, and Youth Adjustment A Developmental Psychopathology Perspective on Research and Intervention 123 E. Mark Cummings Laura K.Taylor Department ofPsychology Schoolof Psychology University of Notre Dame Queens University Belfast NotreDame, IN Belfast USA UK Christine E. Merrilees Christina F.Mondi Department ofPsychology Institute of Child Development State University of NewYork at Geneseo University of Minnesota Geneseo, NY Minneapolis, MN USA USA ISBN978-3-319-51582-3 ISBN978-3-319-51583-0 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-51583-0 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2016961303 ©SpringerInternationalPublishingAG2017 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission orinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. 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Printedonacid-freepaper ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbySpringerNature TheregisteredcompanyisSpringerInternationalPublishingAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Preface Over one billion children are growing up throughout the world in contexts of political violence and armed conflict. A burgeoning literature attests to the signif- icantandmanyrisksandchallengestheseenvironmentsposetothedevelopmentof children. The well-being and mental health of these children are a matter of great internationalconcernandanissueofrapidlygrowinginteresttoscholars,students, andpractitionerswhomaywishtocontributetobothunderstandingoftherisksand challenges and the development of more effective prevention and intervention strategies to help the children cope with these environments. However, gaining access to the contributions of this fast-growing literature involving many regions of the world presents many obstacles to those who may want to comprehend the status of what we know at this point. For example, the pertinent literature is published across multiple disciplines and in many different publication outlets, involving diverse regions of the world, so that the process of locating and evaluating this work poses daunting, even overwhelming, roadblocks for potentially interested readers. In addition, the quality of this literature is highly variable, ranging from well-intentioned but relatively weakly designed works that maynotbeamenabletoconfidentinterpretationtootherstudiesthatmeetrelatively high,evenlaudable,standardsofmethodologicalrigor,analysis,andinterpretation. The goal of this volume is to accomplish an accessible, up-to-date presentation and analysis of this diverse, important literature on the risks, well-being, and adjustment of children growing up throughout the world in contexts of political violence and armed conflict, including basic and applied research on these ques- tions. Another goal is to provide an organizational framework that fosters a sys- tematicanalysisofthequalityoftheresearch.Thisisbroadlyaccomplishedbythe application of a developmental psychopathology perspective that provides a cutting-edge basis for evaluating and fostering the study of normal development and the development of psychopathology in children. Specifically, a four-tiered framework informed by the tenets of developmental psychopathology is employed for integrating and evaluating the current empirical literature on this topic. Although we inevitably exclude many studies from further considerationfornotmeetingourminimalstandardsofscientificrigor,beyondthat, v vi Preface we endeavor to represent at least in the frequency counts for research, all studies that meet threshold for making contributions to the field at each tier. Notably, researchonthistopicposesgreatmethodological,practical,financial,andstatistical challenges. Our perspective is much work makes important contributions, even if not meeting all the criteria ideal in laboratory studies or in less challenging social-ecological contexts, so we endeavor in this book to be inclusive. Intermsoftheorganizationofthisvolume,theurgencyofthestudyofyouthin contexts of political violence and armed conflict from a worldwide perspective is discussedinChap.1.Next,theguidingmodelforreviewintermsofadevelopmental psychopathologyperspectiveissuccinctlydescribedinChap.2.Morespecifically,a frameworkforreviewofresearchfromadevelopmentalpsychopathologyperspec- tive in terms of a four-tiered framework is presented in Chap. 3. This four-tiered “pyramid”model,whichisshowninFig. 3.1,reflectstheassumptionthatresearch progresses up the pyramid in the following stages (1) the documentation of the developmental outcomes of exposure to violence, including level of exposure to traumatic violence and exploration of variations as a function of demographic dif- ferences;(2)studiesadditionallyproviding initial explorationoftherole ofmedia- tors, moderators, and social-ecological contexts based on cross-sectional studies; (3) longitudinal, process-oriented work; and (4) prevention and intervention research. For each tier, in the chapters that follow, the count of studies in the literature meetingcriteriaforeachtierisindicated,andbottom-linemessagesoftheresearch arereviewed. Given theextensive numbers ofstudies meetingcriteria for each tier (especially Tiers 1 and 2), and the aim to accomplish a worldwide review across multiple contexts of conflict and violence that is our goal, the presentation of all studiesmeetingcriteria,alongwithdetailsonresearchdesignandsocial-ecological contexts, was not feasible. Accordingly, rich detail on the state of the art for each tier of research is accomplished through detailed presentations (e.g., region sam- pled, assessment timing, participants sampled, measures, and major findings) for a selected, substantial number of the best studies by our assessment for each tier (typically about 20 studies for each tier). The aim is to provide an extensive overview of the specific characteristics and contributions of many of the best studies at each level of analysis, all of which we judged as highly important in multiple respects. This approach is intended to provide interested students and scholars with a handy, conceptually organized reference or handbook of the char- acteristics, contents, and contributions of many of the specific, state-of-the-art studies that have been conducted throughout the world pertinent to each region of the world and tier of approach. We realize that we inevitably were not able to include all of the relevant studies. However, we feel confident we have accom- plished an extensive representation of the state of the art in this volume that can serve as a ready and accessible handbook and reference for students and scholars interestedinareviewandcriticalanalysisofthishighlyimportant,burgeoningarea of study. Inaddition,throughthemechanismofthisframework,thestateofknowledgein this area is evaluated and critical assessments are made of the strengths and Preface vii weaknesses of current research. We recognize that there are many practical, methodological, and statistical challenges associated with studying children’s developmentincontextsofpoliticalviolenceandarmedconflict.Aimsofthisbook also include providing specific bases for advancing the state of basic, process-oriented research that examines youth adjustment at multiple social-ecological levels, including advanced concepts for stronger research design and analysis, as well as more effective, theory-guided translational prevention and intervention efforts. Accordingly,Chap.8providesavisionforfutureresearchfromadevelopmental psychopathology perspective. Recommendations are made for research at each specifictierofthe“pyramid”forresearchonpoliticalviolence,armedconflict,and youth adjustment from a developmental psychopathology perspective on research andintervention.Numerousissuesandquestionsunresolvedbycurrentresearchare identified, and future directions for more integrated process-oriented basic and applied research are outlined. A central theme for future research is that transla- tional efforts for the development of more effective and scientifically rigorous preventionand interventionresearch must include a closer interplay between basic andappliedresearchthatelevatesthestateofknowledge,increasingthelikelihood that applied programs make a positive impact in the lives of children and families. Chapter 9 concludes the book by reiterating the key messages of the road map providedbythisvolumeforfutureresearchinthisarea.Inparticular,theroadmap indicatestheneedtoexpandtherangeofanalyzedoutcomesandlevelsofthesocial ecology that are examined, as well as new and more rigorous approaches toward evaluating explanatory processes accounting for the developmental outcomes in children growing up in the contexts of political violence and armed conflict. In conclusion, this volume is intended to encourage researchers to advance programs of research that areinformed by developmental theory, basic and appliedresearch, andthatemployadequatelysophisticatedresearchdesignsandstatisticalmethodsto address the core challenges, stresses, concerns and possible sources of protection and resilience related to the normal development and development of psy- chopathology in children growing up in contexts fraught by political violence and armed conflict. Notre Dame, USA E. Mark Cummings Geneseo, USA Christine E. Merrilees Belfast, UK Laura K. Taylor Minneapolis, USA Christina F. Mondi Acknowledgements E.MarkCummings,ChristineE.Merrilees,andLauraK.Taylorweresupportedby awardsfromtheNationalInstitutesofHealth(R01HD046933)andfromtheOffice of the First Minister & Deputy First Minister, Government of Northern Ireland (ID#2110018224). ChristinaF.MondiwassupportedbytheNationalScienceFoundationGraduate Research Fellowship (Grant No. 00039202). Any opinion, findings, and conclu- sionsorrecommendationsexpressedinthismaterialarethoseoftheauthorsanddo not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation. ix Contents 1 Political Violence, Armed Conflict, and Youth Adjustment: A Worldwide Perspective . ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 1 Defining Political Violence and Armed Conflict.. .... .... ..... .... 2 The Urgency of the Study of Youth ... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 3 References.. .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 4 2 Developmental Psychopathology as a Guiding Model.... ..... .... 7 Fostering Cogent Scientific Bases for Prevention and Intervention: Translational Research .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 8 References.. .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 9 3 A Framework: Review of Research from a Developmental Psychopathology Perspective ... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 11 Methodology: Search Strategy for Identifying Tier 1–3 Studies ... .... 13 References.. .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 15 4 Tier 1 Studies: Documenting the Impact on Youth . .... ..... .... 17 Historic Research .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 17 Recent Studies... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 19 Youth Outcomes. .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 19 Summary... .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 29 References.. .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 30 5 Tier 2: Cross-Sectional Studies of Mediators, Process-Oriented Moderators, and Social-Ecological Contexts ... .... .... ..... .... 35 Investigating Multiple Levels of the Social Ecology... .... ..... .... 35 Summary... .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 52 References.. .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 53 xi xii Contents 6 Tier 3: Longitudinal Studies of Mediators, Moderators, and Multiple Social-Ecological Levels .... .... .... .... ..... .... 57 A Process-Oriented, Social-Ecological Perspective .... .... ..... .... 57 Summary... .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 76 References.. .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 77 7 Tier 4: Prevention and Intervention Research . .... .... ..... .... 81 Summary... .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 93 References.. .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 94 8 A Vision for Future Research from a Developmental Psychopathology Perspective ... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 97 References.. .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 105 9 Conclusion. .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 107 Reference .. .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 110 Index .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 111