Political Theory Textbook for Class XI 2021-22 11117 – Political Theory ISBN 81-7450-613-6 Textbook for Class XI First Edition ALL RIGHTS RESERVED September 2006 Asvina 1928 q No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, Reprinted recording or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher. q This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade, be lent, February 2007 Pausa 1928 re-sold, hired out or otherwise disposed of without the publisher’s consent, in any January 2008 Pausa 1929 form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published. January 2009 Pausa 1930 q The correct price of this publication is the price printed on this page, Any revised price January 2010 Pausa 1931 indicated by a rubber stamp or by a sticker or by any other means is incorrect and January 2011 Pausa 1932 should be unacceptable. March 2012 Phalguna 1933 OFFICES OF THE PUBLICATION April 2013 Chaitra 1935 DIVISION, NCERT October 2013 Asvina 1935 NCERT Campus December 2014 Pausa 1936 Sri Aurobindo Marg January 2016 Pausa 1937 New Delhi 110 016 Phone : 011-26562708 January 2017 Pausa 1938 108, 100 Feet Road Hosdakere Halli Extension December 2017 Pausa 1939 Banashankari III Stage February 2019 Magha 1940 Bangaluru 560 085 Phone : 080-26725740 December 2019 Agrahayana 1941 Navjivan Trust Building March 2021 Phalguna 1942 P.O.Navjivan Ahmedabad 380 014 Phone : 079-27541446 CWC Campus PD 110T RSP Opp. Dhankal Bus Stop Panihati © National Council of Educational Kolkata 700 114 Phone : 033-25530454 Research and Training, 2006 CWC Complex Maligaon Guwahati 781 021 Phone : 0361-2674869 ` .... Publication Team Head, Publication : Anup Kumar Rajput Cartoon on the cover page is Chief Editor : Shveta Uppal by Mr. Fish Chief Production Officer : Arun Chitkara Chief Business Manager : Vipin Dewan (In charge) Assistant Editor : Shashi Chaddha Printed on 80 GSM paper with Production Assistant : ...................... NCERT watermark Cover and Layout Published at the Publication Shweta Rao Division by the Secretary, National Council of Educational Research Illustrations and Training, Sri Aurobindo Marg, Rajeev Kumar New Delhi 110 016 and printed ................................ (U.P.) Cartoons Irfaan Khan 2021-22 Foreword The National Curriculum Framework (NCF), 2005, recommends that children’s life at school must be linked to their life outside the school. This principle marks a departure from the legacy of bookish learning which continues to shape our system and causes a gap between the school, home and community. The syllabi and textbooks developed on the basis of NCF signify an attempt to implement this basic idea. They also attempt to discourage rote learning and the maintenance of sharp boundaries between different subject areas. We hope these measures will take us significantly further in the direction of a child-centred system of education outlined in the National Policy on Education (1986). The success of this effort depends on the steps that school principals and teachers will take to encourage children to reflect on their own learning and to pursue imaginative activities and questions. We must recognise that given space, time and freedom, children generate new knowledge by engaging with the information passed on to them by adults. Treating the prescribed textbook as the sole basis of examination is one of the key reasons why other resources and sites of learning are ignored. Inculcating creativity and initiative is possible if we perceive and treat children as participants in learning, not as receivers of a fixed body of knowledge. These aims imply considerable change in school routines and mode of functioning. Flexibility in the daily time-table is as necessary as rigour in implementing the annual calendar so that the required number of teaching days is actually devoted to teaching. The methods used for teaching and evaluation will also determine how effective this textbook proves for making children’s life at school a happy experience, rather than a source of stress or boredom. Syllabus designers have tried to address the problem of curricular burden by restructuring and reorienting knowledge at different stages with greater consideration for child 2021-22 psychology and the time available for teaching. The textbook attempts to enhance this endeavour by giving higher priority and space to opportunities for contemplation and wondering, discussion in small groups, and activities requiring hands-on experience. The National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) appreciates the hard work done by the textbook development committee responsible for this book. We wish to thank the Chairperson of the advisory group in Social Sciences, Professor Hari Vasudevan and the Chief Advisors for this book, Professor Suhas Palshikar and Professor Yogendra Yadav for guiding the work of this committee. Several teachers contributed to the development of this textbook; we are grateful to their principals for making this possible. We are indebted to the institutions and organisations which have generously permitted us to draw upon their resources, material and personnel. We are especially grateful to the members of the National Monitoring Committee, appointed by the Department of Secondary and Higher Education, Ministry of Human Resource Development under the Chairmanship of Professor Mrinal Miri and Professor G.P. Deshpande, for their valuable time and contribution. As an organisation committed to systemic reform and continuous improvement in the quality of its products, NCERT welcomes comments and suggestions which will enable us to undertake further revision and refinement. Director New Delhi National Council of Educational 20 December 2005 Research and Training 2021-22 Preface The NCERT this year has introduced a separate paper on Political Theory for students of Class XI. This change has come as a part of the larger project to revise and redesign the school curricula. Previously students were exposed to political ideas and theories primarily through the study of political ideologies, such as, Liberalism, or Marxism, or Fascism. Concepts like freedom and equality entered the picture only indirectly in terms of their place in a given system of ideas. In the new course the central focus is on concepts rather than ideologies. The objective of the course is to introduce students to some of the important ideas and concepts which form a part of the living tradition of political thought in the world. In the writing of this book the approach which was followed was to try and involve the students in the process of learning, both as recipients and creators of knowledge. The objective was to encourage students to do political theory by training them to scrutinise and reflect upon the ways we make sense of and conceptualise our world, as well as to develop and extend their understanding. Hence, even as each chapter begins with some minimum, and at times commonsensical, understanding of a concept, it tries to introduce students to different dimensions of the concept and give them a feel of the range of ideas that can be marshaled while taking positions and offering reasons. For all of you, the students, who will study political theory and be examined in this subject, we hope will be this approach to the study of political theory more engaging. We wanted you not only to learn about the ideas which have been developed by thinkers over the ages but also to be able to respond to them on the basis of your own experience of the world. As you will see, the concepts included in this book – freedom, equality, rights, nationalism – are used in everyday life not only by politicians and governments but by all of us. We speak frequently of our freedoms and rights, of the fairness and unfairness of things, of our desire to be treated equally, of our sentiments about nationalism or peace, or other such ideals. The concepts that we are going to study in this book are thus already part of our lives. We apply them in our personal life, in the family, in the school, or among our friends, and we also use them when we take positions on public policies or political debates. The starting point of our study is not therefore unfamiliar. But we hope that through the study of political theory you will be able to refine your 2021-22 ideas and express them with greater precision and clarity. If, at the end of the year, you are able to critically reflect on your beliefs and ideas and offer reasoned and compelling arguments in defence of your position, we think that this experiment would have been successful. The side comments, suggestions for activities, and exercises in each chapter were designed to indicate how these concepts could help you interpret the often-confusing world in which we live. As with all such new projects, mistakes might have been made but we look forward to feedback from you. Even though students were the major focus of our thinking when planning the book we recognise the crucial role that teachers play in the learning process. We hope that the book will also empower teachers to use it not as a repository of truths but as a starting point for generating a creative classroom environment. The different exercises and activities included in each chapter were intended not as directions for what the teachers have to do in their classes. Rather they were meant to be indicators of how the ideas in a chapter and the book as a whole could be appropriated and developed. We might also add that in addition to the main text, boxes have been introduced in each chapter to draw your attention to the political thought and contribution of a particular theorist or of a system of ideas. These too were conceived as ways of enriching and deepening the discussion, without compelling the student to commit to memory who said what, when and why. We do hope that the teachers will assess students in terms of their ability to think for themselves by understanding the different aspects and dimensions of a given concept rather than for their skill in rehearsing and reproducing all the possible arguments and usages of a concept discussed in the text. Such an open-ended approach may present a challenge both for teachers and students but it should become an integral part of our educational system. In this short preface, rather than prescribing what needs to be done, and how, we have tried to share with you how we approached the writing of the book. From teachers also we would appreciate feedback about the book and its design. Writing the book was a collective enterprise of a number of people and it involved a continuous dialogue regarding the meaning of concepts and how they could be taught. We recognised both the need to listen to each other as well as to convince others of our point of view. The end result is before you and we will wait to get your response. Chief Advisors Advisors Suhas Palshikar Gurpreet Mahajan Yogendra Yadav Sarah Joseph 2021-22 Textbook Development Committee CHAIRPERSON, ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR TEXTBOOKS AT THE SECONDARY LEVEL Hari Vasudevan, Professor, Department of History, University of Calcutta, Kolkata CHIEF ADVISORS Suhas Palshikar, Professor, Department of Politics and Public Administration, University of Pune, Maharashtra Yogendra Yadav, Senior Fellow, Centre for the Study of Developing Societies, Delhi ADVISORS Gurpreet Mahajan, Professor, Centre for Political Studies, School of Social Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi Sarah Joseph, (Retd.) Reader, Lady Sri Ram College, New Delhi, 2A, Palacina Apts., 43, M.E.G.Officers Colony, Banaswadi Road, Bangalore MEMBERS Ashok Acharya, Professor, Department of Political Science, Art Faculty Extension, Delhi University, Delhi Bhagat Oinam, Associate Professor, Center of Philosophy, JNU, New Delhi Lajwanti Chattani, Associate Professor, Department of Political Science, MS University Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat Mangesh Kulkarni, Reader, Department of Politics and Public Administration, University of Pune, Maharashtra Meenakshi Tandon, PGT (Pol. Sc.), Sardar Patel Vidyalaya, New Delhi Neeraj Priya, Lecturer, N16, Navin Shahadara, Delhi Peter R. D’Souza, Professor and Co-Director Lokniti, Senior Fellow, CSDS, 29, Rajpur Road, Delhi Rajeev Bhargava, Professor and Senior Fellow, CSDS, 29 Rajpur Road, Delhi Rajesh Dev, Lecturer , Women’s College, Laithumkhrah, Shillong, Meghalaya Rupa Sen, Principal, Former PGT (Pol. Sc.) Ajanta Public School, Gurgaon Satya P. Gautam, Professor, Centre for Philosophy, SSS, JNU, New Delhi Vasanthi Srinivasan, Associate Professor, B-20, University of Hyderabad, Gachi Bowli Campus, Hyderabad Vipul Mudgal, Editor, HT-School edition, Hindustan Times House, New Delhi MEMBER-COORDINATOR Sanjay Dubey, Reader, DESSH, NCERT, New Delhi 2021-22 Acknowledgements We would like to thank all the people who have been associated with this book in different capacities. At the initial stages of planning inputs were provided by a committee which included school teachers, representatives of the NCERT and some State Education Boards in addition to chapter writers. Although it is difficult to mention the names of all the people who helped in the production and preparation of this book, we would like to mention Vasanthi Srinivasan from Hyderabad Central University and Mangesh Kulkarni from Pune University for contributing chapters and willingly offering additional help through editorial and other inputs. We would also like to thank Peter D’Souza, S. Gautam, Rajeev Bhargava, Bhagat Oinam, Ashok Acharya, Nivedita Menon, Lajwanti and Janaki Srinivasan for contributing to the text. Their contributions kick-started this project. Besides them several young teachers and research students provided invaluable help in giving the book its final form. We would in particular like to thank Ankita Pandey, Divya Singh and Navanita Sinha from JNU, Sriranjani from CSDS and Mohinder Singh and Papia SenGupta from Delhi University. We would also like to thank Aarti Sethi and Rafia Zaman in helping the preparation of the box items. For some of the images used in this book, we would like to thank www.africawithin.com, www.ibiblio.org, www.narmada.org, Sardar Sarovar Narmada Nigam Ltd. and the National Archives and Records Administration, USA. Our special thanks also to P. Sainath, Harikrishna, Deepa Jani and Shweta Rao for allowing us to use their pictures and images. Most of all we would like to thank R.K. Laxman for letting us use Cartoons from his various collections. We are grateful to Mathew John for proof reading and to DTP Operator, Arvind Sharma for assistance in finalising the book. The design of this book has the stamp of Shweta Rao and if the book has an attractive look that compels you to leaf through it, it is on account of her efforts. The contribution of M.V.S.V. Prasad, Assistant Professor, Department of Curriculum Studies, NCERT, in reviewing and updating the current edition is appreciated. 2021-22 Contents Chapter 1 1-16 Political Theory: An Introduction Chapter 2 17-30 Freedom Chapter 3 31-52 Equality Chapter 4 53-66 Social Justice Chapter 5 67-78 Rights Chapter 6 79-96 Citizenship Chapter 7 97-110 Nationalism Chapter 8 111-128 Secularism Chapter 9 129-142 Peace Chapter 10 143-157 Development 2021-22 2021-22