POLITICAL SCIENCE: AN ISLAMIC PERSPECTIVE Also by Abdul Rashid Moren ISLAM AND REVOLUTION: Contribution of Sycd Maududi FRONTIERS AND MECHANICS OF ISLAMIC ECONOMICS (co-elJiror lVi/h R. f. Molia, S. GIISOII and A. A. Gwand/l) NATIJRE AND METHODOLOGY OF ISLAMIC ECONOMICS (co-ediror wilh M. O. K. Baju/aiye·ShllSi) ISLAM IN AFRICA: Proceedings of the Islam in Africa Conference (co-ediTor lVilh Nura Alkali, Adamu Adamll, Awwal rodl/da and Hamlla Salihi) Political Science: An Islamic Perspective Abdul Rashid Moten Associale Professor and Head of Polilical Science Imernaliooa/I.I/amic Vnil'enify. Malaysia First published in Gn-at Britain 1996 by MACMJLLAN PRESS LTD H"undmills, BasingSh,~e, Hampshire RG21 6XS and Lundon Cnmpanies and repre~matives thrnughnut the wurld A cut~I"gue rec"rd rur this b"o~ is available from the British Library. ISBN 978-1-349-39553-8 ISBN 978-0-230-37757-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9780230377578 First (K.lblished in lhe United States of America 1996 by ST. MARTIN'S PRESS, INC •. Scholarly and Reference Division, 175 Fifth Avenue. New Ynrk. N.Y. 10010 ISBN 978-0-312-12711-4 Library <lr Cnngress Cataloging· in-Publication Data M"lcn, A. Rashid. P.,lilicul science: an Islamic perspective I Abdul Rashid Molen. p. em. Includes bihhngraphical references and inJcx. ISBN 978-0-312-12711-4 I. ISlam anJ SlOlel I. Title. JC49.M67 1995 .12_0'.0_720_176 -7,;1:--,<-1;-e2_0 _________9_5-c7, 8"27 ItI Abdul Rash;J Moten 1996 Softcowr r~print ofth~ hartlcowr 1st ~'(/ition 1996978-0-33]-64311-2 All rights r(!s.::rvcd. No n-pmduction. wpy or transmission "f this publicati"n may Ix maJe without written pcnnission. or N" p~ragr.lph this publicati,m may Ix reprnduced. c,'pied Hf IraMmitleo save witll writlcn permission nr in aCCllfdantt with lhl' provisions of Ihe Copyrighl, Designs and Patents Act 1988. "r unJer the terms "f any Ikence Ilt:mtiuing limited c"p~ing issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. 90 Tottcnham Court Road, Lond,," WIP9HE. Any pefSlm who Joes any unaulh"riscJ act in rclati"n 10 this puhlicatiun may be liable to crintin~1 PT"SI.'culion and civil claims l'lT damages. 10 I) 8 7 6 5 4 .' , I 05 04 O.~ 02 01 00 99 98 97 96 Contents Preface Acknowledgements '" I Prologue: Islam, Secularism and the Muslim World Western secularism Marxist secularism 3 Third World secularism 5 Islam and secularism 6 The shaping of secularism 8 Colonialism and elite formation 10 Nationalism 12 Secular political institutions 12 The economic system 14 Conclusion 15 2 Politics in Islam 17 Politics defined 17 Politics in Islam 19 Islam and politics: the historical perspective 21 Encounter with the West and Muslim politics 25 Current uends 26 Conclusion 29 3 Islamic Methodology in Political Science 32 Major traits of empirical social science 32 Reason and revelation 33 Social sciences versus natural sciences 35 The instrumentalist conception of politics 36 The Islamic framework for analysis 37 Facls and values 39 The struclUre of Islamic values 40 Madinah as the norm 42 Conclusion 44 4 Shari'ah: The Islamic Legal Order 46 Shari'ah and the law 46 Shari'ah and fiqh 48 Shari'ah defined 49 " Contents Sources of the Shari'ah 51 The primary sources 51 The secondary sources 53 Rise and decline of Ijtihiid 55 Essential features of the Shari'ah 56 Shari'ah in the Muslim world 59 Conclusion 61 5 Ummah: The Islamic Social Order 63 Terminological confusion 63 Ummah in the Qur'an and the Sunnah 64 Essential features of the Vmmah 66 Functions of the Vmmah 68 Muslim Vmmah: A historical perspective 71 The Periods of the Prophet (SAAS) and the Kh14lafii a/-Riishjdim 71 Vmmah during the posl-rashidlln period 75 The Contemporary Ummah 77 Nationalism and Islam 77 Arab nationalism versus the Vmman 79 Conclusion 81 6 Khila/ah: The Islamic Political Order 82 The state 82 Kar! Marx on the state 83 Max Weber on the state 84 The notion of state compared with the Islamic system 85 The concept of 'state' in Islam 86 Essential principles of an Islamic political order 87 Islamic polity under the Prophet (~AAS) 90 The khulafii al-Rashidiin 91 Polity under the Umayyad and Abbasid rule 93 Early Muslim jurists and thinkers 95 Contemporary Muslim thought and the structures of government 98 Organisation of the Islamic political system 99 Constitutional government 99 The executive 100 The legislature 101 The judiciary 102 Form of government 103 Conclusion 104 COn/ents vii 7 Mu~tisabah: Accountability in Islam 107 The legislature: the representative body 107 Obedience to authority: the Qur'an and the Sunnah 108: The Khuiafa' al-Rashidiin 110 Muslim jurists and thinkers III Grounds for impeachment 113 Legality 113 Legitimacy 115 Institutional apparatus for impeachment 116 The judiciary 117 The leadership council 118 The consultative assembly 120 Conclusion 123 8 Nahr!ah: The Islamic Movement 12. Fundamentalism versus Nah(l.ah 126 The Nahqah and the Islamic world view 128 The Salafiyah movement 130 The Sokoto Jihad 130 The Mahdiyah movement 131 Various Manifestations of the Muslim Nahqah 132 The Tablighi Jama'at 133 The jama 'at-e-Islami 135 The revolution in Iran 136 A comparative perspective 138 Conclusion 138 Glossary 141 Appendix A: Framework of an islamic State 155 Appendix B: Model of an Islamic Constitution 169 Appendix C: Profile of the Muslim World 186 Notes 191 Select Bibliography 211 Index 218 List of Tables 1.1 Islam vs secularism 7 5.1 The Pair of Brotherhood instituted by the Prophet (SAAS) 73 5.2 Nationalism and Ummah compared 79 6.1 Essential principles of the Islamic political system 87 c.l Gazetteer of States in the Muslim World 186 viii List of Figures 6.1 The Islamic political system: popularly elected executive 105 6.2 The Islamic political system: indirectly elected executive [05