1/93 ) Political Science 2/93 COMPARATIVE GOVERNMENT AND POLmCS SERIES PIJbiWt«d Moura Adshtad and jonathan Tonge PoUtics in Ireland Rudy Andeweg and Ga~n A. Irwin Governance and Politics of the Netherlands (4th edition) Tim Bale European Politics: A Comparatiw Introduction (3rd edition) Nigel Bowles and Robert K McMahon Government and Politics of the United States (3rd edition) Paul Brooker Non-Democratic Regimes (3rd edition) Kris Oe.sctlouwer The PoUtlcs of Belgium: Governing a Divided Society (Znd edition) Robert Elgie Political LeadttShlp In Uberal Democr.rdes Rod Hague, Martln Harrop and Jom McComlick • Comparative Government and Politics: An Introduction (10th edition) Paul Heywood The Government and Politics of Spain Xiaoming Huang Politics In Pacific Asia B. Cuy Peters Comparative Politics: Theories and Methods [Rights: World excluding North America) Tony Saleh Governance and Politics of China (4th edition) Eric Shiraev Russian Government and Politics (Znd edition) AnneStewnS Government and PoUtlcs of france (3rd edition) Ramesh Thakur The GoverT~~Mnt and Politics of India forthcomlnt Tim Haughton Government and Politics of Central and Eastern Europe • Published In North America as Political Science:A Comparative lntroductiOfl (8th edition) Comparative Government and PoUtics Strld Sttndlnc Ordtr ISIN 97~333-7 169H ha.rdb<d Striti Stlltldlnc Order ISIH 97&-0-333-6933~3 papeort..d (OtJrsldfNon)I.M'wrkleM(Y) -liN ""- f'K-'·w fut w• titles 1m lhii serid as they n {Ntlii$htd by pl.kln& • •~1 Ot4tt. ~ c.ontK't op.6 books.e.l!tt or, ift the G6St cf difflct.lty, wtlw to U' • Uw ~Wow .,..tft 'fO"'IYnW W addm.s,. tf"A (tfe of t!w se'iti Wont of 1M 1$1Hi O.l.OI'Nf StNbi o.p.,tftMt'4.*"'~0isb1tlts"~l:d, ........... ~~RG216XS.UK 3/93 Rod Hague Martin Harrop John McCormick palgrave l~=~~ 4/93 0 Jolin McCormick 2016 o Martin Harrop 2013 o Rod Haauo and Mattin Harrop 2001. 2004, 2001,2010 0 Rod Haauo. Martin Harrop. and Shaun Breslin 1992, 1998 AI tights restiWd. No reproduaion. copy or transmission of this publication may be made withoot written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced. copied or transmitted ~ve with W'ritten permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright. Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any Utence permitting Umlted copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. Saffron House. 6-10 Kirby Street. London EC1 N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in retation to this pubLication may be Uabte to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damageJ. The authors: have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright. Designs and Patents Act 1988. Firn edition 1992 Second edition 1998 Third edition 2001 Fourth edition 2004 Filth edition 2007 SOOh edition 2004 ~nth edldon 2013 Published by PALCRAVE Patgrave Maonlllan In tt\e US is a dWision of StMartin's Press UC, 175 Filth Avenue. New York. NY 10010. Palgraveln the UK Is an Imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited. registered In England, company number 785998, of 4 Crinan Street. London, N19XW. Palgrave Is a global imprint of the above companies and is represented throughout the world. Palgrave~ and Macmillan~ are registered trademarks in the United States. the United Klng<lom. Europe and other countries. ISBN 978-1-137-60123-0 This bocl; is printed on paper suitable lor recycting and made from fully managed and susulned f0<61 sources. logging. pulping and manufaauring processes are t>q>Kted to conform to the enviroM'lenta regulations of the country of origin. A cataiOCI'e record for this book is available from the British Ubrary. A catalog record for this book is available from tile Ubrary of Congress. 5/93 1 Key concepts 1 2 The state 19 3 Democratic rule 37 4 Authoritarian rule 56 5 Theoretical approaches 73 6 Comparing government and politics 90 7 Constitutions and courts 108 8 Leg isI a tu res 127 9 Executives 145 10 Bureaucracies 162 11 Sub-national government 181 12 Political culture 200 13 Political participation 216 14 Political communication 233 15 Political parties 251 16 Elections 269 17 Voters 286 18 Interest groups 304 19 Public policy 324 6/93 Illustrations and features viii 5 Theoretical approaches 73 Preface xii Theoretical approaches: an overview 74 Guide to learning features xiv The changing face of comparative Guide to spotlight feature xvi politics 74 Guide to the website xvii The institutional approach 77 The behavioural approach 81 The structural approach 82 Key concepts 1 The rational choice approach 84 Key concepts: an overview 2 The interpretive approach 85 Government and governance 2 Politics 6 6 Comparing government Power 8 and politics 90 Comparing government and politics: The state, authority, and legitimacy 9 Ideology 10 an overview 91 Comparative politics 12 Comparative research methods 91 Classifying political systems 13 Case study method 92 Qualitative method 95 Quantitative method 96 2 The state 19 The challenges of comparison 99 The state: an overview 20 What is a state? 20 Historical method 103 Emergenc.e of the state system 23 The expansion of states 24 7 Constitutions and courts 108 The diversity of states 26 Constitutions and courts: an Nations and nationalism 29 overview 109 Challenges to the state 31 The character of constitutions 109 The durability of constitutions 111 The role of courts 113 3 Democratic rule 37 Judicial activism 118 Democratic rule: an overview 38 Judicial independence and Direct democracy 38 recruitment 119 Representative democracy 41 Systems of law 121 Liberal democracy 43 Constitutions and courts in Democracy and modernization 48 authoritarian states 123 Waves of democracy 49 Democratization 51 8 legislatures 127 Legislatures: an overview 128 4 Authoritarian rule 56 Functions 128 Authoritarian rule: an overview 57 Structure 133 Hybrid regimes 57 Members 139 Authoritarian regimes 59 legislatures in authoritarian states 141 Forms of authoritarian rule 61 The POlitical impact of corruption 70 7/93 DETAILED CONTENTS vii 9 Executives 145 Recent trends 1n polit1cal Executives: an overview 146 communication 240 Pres1dent1al executives 148 Comparif19 med1a outlets 244 Parl1amentary executives 150 Political commumcatJon 10 Semi-presidential executives 154 authoritarian states 246 Execut1ves in authontarian states 158 15 Political parties 251 10 Bureaucracies 162 Political parties: an overv1ew 252 Bureaucracies: an overview 163 Origins and roles 252 Evolution 163 Party systems 253 Organization 166 Party organization 257 Recruitment 171 Party membership 261 New public management 174 Party finance 262 E-government 176 Political parties in authontarian states 263 Bureaucracies in authoritarian states 177 16 Elections 269 11 Sub-national government 181 Elections: an overview 270 Sub-nat1onal government an Electing legislatures 270 overv1ew 182 Elect.ng presidents 276 Multilevel governance 182 Election campaigns 278 Unitary systems 184 Referendums, imtiatives. and recalls 280 Federal systems 186 Elections in authoritarian states 282 Companng unitary and federal systems 191 17 Voters 286 Local government 192 Voters: an overview 287 Sub-national government in Party identification 287 authoritarian states 196 How voters choose 289 Voter turnout 297 12 Political culture 200 Voters in authoritanan states 299 Political culture: an overview 201 The c1vic culture 201 18 Interest groups 304 Political trust and social cap1tal 203 Interest groups: an overv1ew 305 Elite political culture 205 Types of interest group 305 Post-materialism 206 The dynamics of 1nterest groups 308 Huntington's Clash of Civilizations 210 Channels of influence 311 Political culture in authoritarian states 212 Ingredients of influence 314 Social movements 317 13 Political participation 216 Interest groups in authoritarian states 320 Political participation: an overview 217 Who participates. and why? 217 19 Public policy 324 Public opinion 221 Public policy: an overview 325 Women and political participation 224 Models of the policy process 325 Participation in authoritarian states 228 The policy cycle 328 Policy diffusion and convergence 335 14 Political communication 233 Public policy 1n authoritarian states 338 Political communication: an overview 234 Med1a development 234 References 342 Media 1nfluence 238 Index 359 8/93 Spotlights 8.2 The pros and cons of term limits 141 9.1 The separation of powers 149 9.2 Heads of state in parliamentary Nigeria 4 systems 155 European Union 32 10.1 The pros and cons of outsourcing India 46 government work 170 Ch1na 66 10.2 Keeping bureaucrats accountable 175 South Afr1ca 116 11.1 The motives behind creating Umted K1ngdom 138 federations 189 Brazil 146 11.2 The government of cities 193 Japan 172 12.1 Elazar's three types of poht1cal France 194 culture 202 Germany 208 12.2 Political generations 207 Russia 226 13.1 The consumer as political participant 220 Venezuela 242 13.2 The problem of the uninformed Mexico 264 citizen 223 United States 274 14.1 Comparing media structures 245 Iran 296 14.2 Online interaction and the Egypt 316 Arab Spring 248 Sweden 334 15.1 The rise of niche parties 258 15.2 The pros and cons of public funding for political parties 263 Focus 16.1 Who should be allowed to vote? 273 16.2 Electoral messages and mandates 279 1.1 Hobbes's case for government 3 17.1 Are voters rational? 293 1.2 Two options for classifying political 17.2 The pros and cons of compulsory systems 15 voting 299 2.1 How many states are there? 22 18.1 Pluralism undermined: the cases 2.2 Globalization 34 of the United States and Japan 309 3.1 How many democracies are there? 39 18.2 Lobbying 313 3.2 Full democracies vs. flawed 19.1 Policy instruments 329 democracies 45 19.2 The resource curse 339 4.1 Hybrid vs. authoritarian regimes 60 4.2 Totalitarianism 69 Figures 5.1 Empirical versus normative approaches 81 5.2 The interpretive approach: mass killings and genocide 87 1.1 Five major ideologies 11 6.1 Hypotheses and variables 94 1.2 Aristotle's classification of 6.2 Path dependence. critical junctures. governments 14 and the Greek financial crisis 105 2.1 The qualities of a state 21 7.1 Constitutional amendments 113 2.2 States by population 27 7.2 Models of judicial decision-making 121 3.1 Forms of democracy 40 8.1 Does the size of legislatures matter? 135 3.2 Degrees of democracy 42 9/93 IllUSTRATIONS AND FEATURES ix 3.3 Huntington's waves of 13.4 A patronage network linking centre democratization 49 and periphery 230 3.4 The expansion of the British electorate so 14.1 The evolution of mass media 235 3.5 Stages of democratization 53 14.2 Global internet access 237 4.1 The world's ten least and most corrupt 14.3 The transmission model of political states 71 communication 238 5.1 Theoretical approaches to comparative 14.4 Mechanisms of media impact 239 politics 76 14.5 Media structures in liberal 5.2 The formal institutions of government 78 democracies 246 5.3 Understanding political institutions 79 15.1 Five roles of political parties 253 6.1 Political science research methods 93 15.2 Comparing party systems 254 6.2 Five types of case study 93 15.3 Who selects candidates for legislative 6.3 Population and the size of legislature 98 elections? 260 7.1 The elements of constitutions 110 16.1 The Canadian federal election, 2011 272 7.2 Ten facts about constitutions 112 16.2 The use of referendums 281 7.3 Comparing constitutional 17.1 Partisan dealignment in Germany 289 amendments 114 17.2 Partisan dealignment in Sweden 289 7.4 Comparing judicial appointments 120 17.3 Causes of partisan dealignment 290 8.1 The functions of legislatures 129 17.4 Key factors explaining voter choice 291 8.2 Stages in the making of a law 131 17.5 Turnout at legislative elections 297 8.3 A selection of lower chambers 134 17.6 Comparing levels of electoral 8.4 Comparing levels of legislative volatility 301 representation 135 18.1 Types of interest groups 306 8.5 Selecting the upper chamber 136 18.2 Iron triangles: the case of the 9.1 Types of parliamentary government 151 United States 310 9.2 Governments in Western Europe, 18.3 Channels of interest group influence 312 1945-99 154 18.4 Falling trade union membership 315 10.1 Weber's model of bureaucracy 164 18.5 Demonstrations against the 10.2 Comparing the size of bureaucracies 165 Iraq War. 2003 319 10.3 Comparing the size of central 19.1 Stages in the policy process 330 government 166 19.2 The diffusion of innovation 336 10.4 Government departments in selected countries 167 Tables 10.5 The structure of a government department 167 10.6 Women in the labour force 174 1.1 Lukes's three dimensions of power 8 11.1 Multilevel governance in the European 1.2 Contrasting themes of left and right 11 Union 183 1.3 Comparative political ratings 15 11.2 Dispersing power in unitary systems 184 1.4 Comparing economic size 16 12.1 Trust in federal government: 1.5 Human Development Index 17 United States 204 2.1 The formation of states 25 12.2 Trust in national government: 2.2 States by income 28 European Union 204 2.3 Ten criticisms of the state 31 12.3 Political generations 207 3.1 Features of modern democracy 38 13.1 Political participation in liberal 4.1 Features of authoritarian rule 57 democracies 218 4.2 Leaders overthrown in the 13.2 Women in legislatures 225 Arab Spring, 2011 60 13.3 Political participation in developing 4.3 Forms of authoritarian rule 62 countries 229 4.4 The five last communist party states 64 4.5 Recent examples of military rule 68 10/93