Policing beyond Macpherson Issues in policing, race and society Edited by WILLAN Michael Rowe PUBLISHING Policing beyond Macpherson Policing beyond Macpherson Issues in policing, race and society Edited by Michael Rowe WILLAN PUBLISHING Published by Willan Publishing Culmcott House Mill Street, Uffculme Cullompton, Devon EX15 3AT, UK Tel: +44(0)1884 840337 Fax: +44(0)1884 840251 e-mail: [email protected] website: www.willanpublishing.co.uk Published simultaneously in the USA and Canada by Willan Publishing c/o ISBS, 920 NE 58th Ave, Suite 300 Portland, Oregon 97213-3786, USA Tel: +001(0)503 287 3093 Fax: +001(0)503 280 8832 e-mail: [email protected] website: www.isbs.com © 2007 Editor and contributors All rights reserved; no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the Publishers or a licence permitting copying in the UK issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London VV1P 9HE. First published 2007 Paperback ISBN: 978 1 84392 212 4 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Project management by Deer Park Productions, Tavistock, Devon Typeset by GCS, Leighton Buzzard, Beds Printed and bound by T.J. International, Padstow, Cornwall Contents Notes on contributors vii Introduction: policing and racism in the limelight - the politics and context of the Lawrence Report xi Michael Rowe 1 The historical context: policing and black people in post-war Britain 1 James Whitfield 2 Diversity or anarchy? The post-Macpherson blues 18 Eugene McLaughlin 3 Police diversity training: a silver-bullet tarnished? 43 Michael Rowe and Jon Garland 4 Understanding Institutional Racism: the Stephen Lawrence inquiry and the police service reaction 66 Anna Souhami 5 Black Police Associations and the Lawrence Report 88 Simon Holdazvay and Megan O'Neill 6 Policing Muslim communities 107 Neil Chakraborti Policing beyond Macpherson 7 Macpherson, police stops and institutionalised racism 128 Kevin Stenson and P.A.J. Waddington 8 Reform by crisis: the murder of Stephen Lawrence 148 and a socio-historical analysis of developments in the conduct of major crime investigations Mark Roycroft, Jennifer Brown and Martin Innes 9 View from within: the realities of promoting race and diversity inside the police service 165 Brian Holland Index 189 vi Notes on contributors Jennifer Brown is Professor of Forensic Psychology and Head of Department at the University of Surrey. She has a special interest in police occupational culture and application of psychological theories and principles to the investigation of rape and murder. She has written a number of research papers on these topics and is currently compiling a handbook of forensic psychology with Dr Elizabeth Campbell to be published by Cambridge University Press. Neil Chakraborti is a Lecturer in Criminology at the Department of Criminology, University of Leicester. He has published widely on issues of rural racism, ethnicity and victimisation, with a particular interest in racist and religious hate crime, fear of crime among minority ethnic communities, community safety, and anti-racism. He is co-editor (with Jon Garland) of Rural Racism (Willan Publishing, 2004). Jon Garland is a Lecturer in Criminology at the Department of Criminology, University of Leicester. He has researched and published widely on issues of racism, anti-racism, ethnicity and identity, policing diversity, community safety and football-related disorder. His books include Racism and Anti-Racism in Football with Michael Rowe (Palgrave, 2001), The Future of Football, edited with Michael Rowe and Dominic Malcolm (Frank Cass, 2000) and Rural Racism, edited with Neil Chakraborti (Willan Publishing, 2004). In the last three years he has been conducting extensive research into issues of rural racism with Neil Chakraborti. Policing beyond Macpherson Simon Holdaway is Professor of Criminology and Sociology and Director of the School of Law at the University of Sheffield. A former police officer, he has for many years researched and published about many aspects of policing, particularly aspects of police race relations. His specialism is race relations within the police and he has completed research about the recruitment into and the retention of ethnic minorities within constabularies. His latest project was a two- year study of Black Police Associations in UK constabularies. Brian Holland has worked in the 'equalities' field - including the Commission for Racial Equality - for over 25 years. At the time of writing this article, Dr Holland was an Assistant Director with Greater Manchester Police as Head of Policy and Development within the HQ Diversity Command unit. He has since semi-retired and now combines work as a freelance equalities consultant, tutor at Stockport College and is currently researching 'gun crime' in south Manchester with Manchester Metropolitan University. Martin Innes is Professor and Director of the Universities Police Science Institute at Cardiff University. He is the author of the books Investigating Murder (Clarendon Press, 2003) and Understanding Social Control (Open University Press, 2003), as well as a number of articles, reports and book chapters. He is the editor of the journal Policing and Society published by Routledge. Innes is currently conducting research on reassurance policing and the manufacture of social order, as well as continuing his work in the area of major crime investigation. Eugene McLaughlin is Professor of Criminology at City University London. He has written extensively on policing, race and community relations and race and the newsmedia. He is currently researching shifting philosophies of security and safety in multicultural polities and newsmedia reporting of homicides. His most recent publications include The Sage Dictionary of Criminology (2nd edn, Sage, 2005) and The New Policing (Sage, 2007). He is also co-editor of Theoretical Criminology: an International Journal. Megan O'Neill is a Lecturer in Criminology at the University of Salford. Her research interests centre on police and policing studies and include the policing of football, Black Police Associations, and police occupational culture generally. Notes on contributors Michael Rowe is Associate Professor in Criminology at Victoria University, Wellington. His research interests have focused on policing and minority ethnic communities, and on the broader implications of diversity for the police service. Recently he has conducted an ethnographic study of policing and examined officer narratives about police work and the implications that these are likely to have for neighbourhood policing. He has published widely on all of these topics, most notably Policing, Race and Racism (Willan Publishing, 2004). Mark Roycroft is a Detective Chief Inspector in the Metropolitan Police with 24 years' experience who has worked on major enquires including a period as a senior investigating officer. He received a Fulbright scholarship to the USA to research major enquiries, especially low volume homicides such as contract killings. Mark was a member of the National Crime Faculty and has assisted nationally w'ith 'hard to solve' murder investigations. His Masters thesis examined the use of analysis within the UK police force and he is a trained analyst. Mark has attended courses at Europol and the FBI academy on analysis and behavioural analysis. Anna Souhami is a Research Fellow in the Department of Social Policy, London School of Economics. She has recently completed a major two-year Home Office study (with Tim Newburn and Janet Foster at LSE) examining the impact of the Stephen Lawrence Inquiry on policing in England and Wales (Home Office 2005). Her current research explores the governance of youth crime in England and Wales. She is the author of Transforming Youth justice: Occupational Identity and Cultural Change (Willan Publishing, 2007) which explores questions of occupational culture and identity among youth justice professionals following the Crime and Disorder Act 1998. Kevin Stenson is Professor of Criminology and Co-director of the Crime and Conflict Research Centre, Middlesex University, London. His publications include (edited with R.R. Sullivan), Crime Risk and Justice, 2001, and 'Sovereignty, Biopolitics and the Local Government of Crime' (Theoretical Criminology, 9 (3), 2005). P.A.J. Waddington is Professor of Social Policy at the Policy Research Institute, the University of Wolverhampton. He is the author of several books on policing, including Policing Citizens (UCL Press, 1999) and