Writing and Culture in the Long Nineteenth Century H a n s This collection offers new perspectives on the connections between politics, o n identity and representation in art and poetry in nineteenth- and early twentieth- , R century Britain and Europe. Contributions explore questions such as the h o following: what was the effect of the reciprocity of political, religious and artistic d e n influence in nineteenth-century Britain and Europe? How were key political a moments or movements influenced by or influential on literary and artistic n d form? How did the styles and forms of the past shape the political expressions S n of the nineteenth-century present? By what means did politically inflected art y d and literature shape the emerging construction of national, class or religious e r identities in the nineteenth century? ( e d s ) Ranging across not only Britain but also France, Germany, Belgium, Finland, • Spain and Italy, the essays draw on different discourses and art forms. They all uti- P lise concepts of cultural materialism to shape an understanding of the contingent o e relationships between national and international public discourse and identity, t r y political change and cultural production as well as the reproduction, translation, , P influence and dissemination of both politics and culture in art and literature. o l it i c s a Ingrid Hanson is a lecturer in nineteenth-century literature at the University of n d Hull. She is the author of William Morris and the Uses of Violence (2013); her work P has also been published in Review of English Studies, English and the Journal of ic Poetry, Politics William Morris Studies. t u r e s and Pictures Wilfred Jack Rhoden is a post-doctoral research associate at the University of Sheffield. He writes primarily about nineteenth-century French political history and has a keen interest in caricature and the press. Culture and Identity in Europe, E. E. Snyder is Digital Arts and Humanities Manager at the University of Notting- 1840–1914 ham. She writes on nineteenth-century British literature and science. ISBN 978-3-0343-0981-3 Ingrid Hanson, Wilfred Jack Rhoden and E. E. Snyder (eds) Peter Lang www.peterlang.com Poetry, Politics and Pictures Writing and Culture in the Long Nineteenth Century Edited by J.B. Bullen and Isobel Armstrong PETER LANG Oxford • Bern • Berlin • Bruxelles • Frankfurt am Main • New York • Wien Poetry, Politics and Pictures Culture and Identity in Europe, 1840–1914 Ingrid Hanson, Wilfred Jack Rhoden and E. E. Snyder (eds) PETER LANG Oxford • Bern • Berlin • Bruxelles • Frankfurt am Main • New York • Wien Bibliographic information published by Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek. Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche National- bibliografie; detailed bibliographic data is available on the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Control Number: 2013938621 Cover image: Walter Crane, ‘Vive La Commune!’ First published in Commonweal, March 1888. Reprinted in Cartoons for the Cause (1896; reprinted Journeyman Press, 1976). issn 2235-2287 isbn 978-3-0343-0981-3 (print) isbn 978-3-0353-0504-3 (eBook) © Peter Lang AG, International Academic Publishers, Bern 2013 Hochfeldstrasse 32, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland [email protected], www.peterlang.com, www.peterlang.net All rights reserved. All parts of this publication are protected by copyright. Any utilisation outside the strict limits of the copyright law, without the permission of the publisher, is forbidden and liable to prosecution. This applies in particular to reproductions, translations, microfilming, and storage and processing in electronic retrieval systems. Printed in Germany Contents List of Illustrations ix Acknowledgements xiii Ingrid Hanson, Wilfred Jack Rhoden and Erin Snyder Introduction 1 I Identity and the Politics of Aesthetics 17 Jan Dirk Baetens Form, Reform and Reformation: The Politics of Pre-Rubenism 19 Debbie Bark Poetry of Social Conscience, Poetry of Transition: Ann Hawkshaw’s ‘Introductory Stanzas’ and ‘The Mother to her Starving Child’ 45 Eric Storm Crushed between Gauguin and Picasso: Ignacio Zuloaga’s Depictions of Spain and the Politics of Nationalism 67 vi II Images and National Identity 91 Timothy Baycroft Images of France and the French: Political Identities in the Nineteenth Century 93 Wilfred Jack Rhoden The Paradoxes of Republican Masculinity: French Political Caricature, 1866–1870 119 Charlotte Ashby The Kalevala: Imagining the Finnish Past, Envisioning the Finnish Future 151 Joan Allen ‘God’s alchemy’: Interrogating National Identity in the Life and Writings of John Boyle O’Reilly (1844–1890) 181 III Writing Radical Politics 205 Michael Perraudin Georg Weerth’s The Flower Festival of the English Workers and Other Sketches from Britain: Proletarians and Heroes 207 Ingrid Hanson Socialist Identity and the Poetry of European Revolution in Commonweal, 1885–1890 225 vii Gregorio Alonso ‘Not so faithful nations’: The Second Reformation and Religious Persecution in Catholic Europe 247 Eleonora Sasso ‘Reverberant echoes – Love and Change and Fate’: W. M. Rossetti’s Democratic Sonnets and European Heroic Poetry 269 Ingrid Hanson and Wilfred Jack Rhoden Afterword 289 Notes on Contributors 295 Index 299 Illustrations Jan Dirk Baetens, Form, Reform and Reformation Figure 1 Henri Leys, Adriaen van Haemstede Secretly Preaching the Reformation in Antwerp around 1552 (1858) © Auctioneers Bernaerts. 23 Figure 2 Lucas Cranach the Elder, St John the Baptist Preaching (1516) © The British Museum. 25 Figure 3 Pieter Brueghel the Younger, The Sermon of St John the Baptist (17th century) © KIK-IRPA. 27 Figure 4 Henri Leys, The Proclamation of the Edict of Charles V in 1550, Establishing the Inquisition in the Netherlands (1860) © The Walters Art Museum. 30 Eric Storm, Crushed between Gauguin and Picasso Figure 1 Ignacio Zuloaga, El Cristo de la Sangre (1911). Source: Museo Nacional de Arte Reina Sofia, Madrid, © c/o Pictoright Amsterdam 2013. 75 Timothy Baycroft, Images of France and the French Figure 1 Anon., Louis Philippe 1er Roi des Français [King of the French] © Bibliothèque Nationale de France. 96