POETRY IN SPEECH A voliuntm hese e ries MYTH AND POETICS edibtyGe RdE GONRAYG Y Af llul iosftt i dients hs ee raipepsea attrh esen odft hbeo ok. POETRY SPEECH IN Oraliatyn Hdo merDiics course J. EGBERT BAKKER CORNELL UNIVERSITYP RESS ITHACAAN DL ONDON Open access edition funded by the National Endowment for the Humanities/ Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Humanities Open Book Program. Copyright © 1997 by Cornell University All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations in a review, this book, or parts thereof, must not be reproduced in any form without permission in writing from the publisher. For information, address Cornell University Press, Sage House, 512 East State Street, Ithaca, New York 14850, or visit our website at cornellpress.cornell.edu. First published 1997 by Cornell University Press Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Bakker, Egbert J. Poetry in speech : orality and Homeric discourse / Egbert J. Bakker. p.cm. — (Myth and poetics) Includes bibliographical references and indexes. ISBN-13: 978-0-8014-3295-8 (cloth) — ISBN-13: 978-1-5017-2276-9 (pbk.) 1.Homer—Criticism and interpretation. 2. Epic poetry, Greek—History and criticism. 3. Discourse analysis, Literary. 4. Oral formulaic analysis. 5. Oral tradition—Greece. 6. Speech in literature. 7. Poetics. I. Title. PA4037.B33 1996 883'.01—dc20 96-31979 The text of this book is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Contents FoerworbdyG, r egNoargyy V11 Acknowledgments Xlll Introduction I PARIT PERSPECTIVES 5 ThCe onstruocfOt riaolni ty 7 I 2 The WroifHt oimnegr 18 PAR2T SPEECH 33 3 ConsicousanneCdso gsn ition 35 4 ThSe yntoafMx o vement 54 5 HomerFiracm ings 86 PAR3T SPECISAPLE ECH 132 6 RhytahnmRd h etoric 152 7 EpitahneEdtp siE cp iphany 156 8 The Graomfm aPro etry 148 Spcehea nTde xtC:o cnAl usion 207 Bibliyo graph 211 IdneLxo corum 227 GenaeIlrd nex 233 Foreword GREGORYN AGY Manoyft hbeoo kisnt hMey tahn d Psoeetrciiecenssot net rhp eo wer omfy tthom a klea ngsupaegoceris apclei aflrolmyaw lh:el na ngusatgyel ­is izbeydm ytihbt,e coamc eusl tpuorreeyot' rss o nEggb.e Braktk esPr o'etry iSnpe eacphp romaycthhe spa oniedctfr so ma notdhierroe nca,ts ikhionwg mytihss h paebdy p oiectasn jds,uat si moprtahnotwp, o iectasrc eo nid­ toinebdye verlydaanyg ulaagneg,au siai tgase c tusaplleoynkB .a kkcearl ls everyyl daanguasgpee deicsht,i ngiufrtio smth hisenp ge cliaanlg uoafg es songp ooreryt( oerv epnor s,ea )ntdh weo ridsa p tclhoys esni,n ce the ranogfie t s meiancn oinntpgeorsma Eryngl isrhe capitthutele anctdyee sn ofe veryldaanyg utaobg ceeo mseep ciiansl p eccioanxltt. eIs nn eutral cont,ea xswt hsewne s peoaftk h heu macna pafcoris tepye cthhwe,o rd applbyid eesf atuoal nltya ngsuiatgiueoa intns; p eccoinatl,eh xowtesvaesr , whewne s pkeo afas epedcehl ivbeeorferae nda udietnhwceoe r,rd ee frtsoa speckiinadld siocfos uer. Thec riteorfei voenr ysdepaeyci hit,es s nsteitaosl et rsisas,c ultural varidaebpleienn,odg nt hceo ncrete orfwe haaltieszvpaeetrcsi ipoaenle ch ord iosucrisbseie nsgea tap rftor saep cicaoln tIentx rta.d istoicioineeastl, atsh beo oiknts h Mey tahn Pdo etsriecihsea sva er guiendav arioefwty a ys, thseet tianapgr otfs ucshp ecdiicasolu wrosuenl od rlmlahypa pewnh ean ritiuesan clat eord whmeynti hssa p eonko rs unTgh.le a ngoufHa goem er iasp riemxea mopfsl uec shpi eacdli sceoa,usR r ischP.a Mradr tviinv idly demonsitntr hafietr ebsdot ko o ft hsiesr ThieeL sag,nu gaeofH eroSpeese:c h anPde rforimnta hn"elcI iea Hdo.mr"ei dci scoiumsro ssseth arpalapyr ts et fromt hree aolfie tvyer yldauanaygg neom, a thtoewrw em ayr econstruct thriesa lfroia tnypy a rtitciumalena pdrl aicnae n ecniGtre ecbeyi, t s " . Vll Foreword Vlll metraincfdaro lm uldaiimce nsBiaoknktser.rat cheedssi em enswihoincsh , froM ilmPaanr arnyAd l bLeorrtmd a rtkh oer aolfiH toym erdiics course, bactkot hesioru ricnee vse ryldaanyg- uaag geeneaelxoepgsrysi entd h e boosfk lu'tli tPloeei,tSn rype ecOhr:aa lniHdto ym eDriiscc ourse. Bakkheasrsh itftheeedm phapsorieystt :hi aostr iaislnf ca ts petehciahst specsitayll,i mzeetdae nrbfd yro mulTaop. u itnt e gatiiitvns eo lttyh :e abseonfwc rei ttihnmagat k oerspa olre yst pecNioarili s.tt h oer aloift y orpaolre ytt hmaatk iestsp ecaiisaf" l oa,rlw "e rase p eccaitaelwg iotrhyi n ab odoyfp oreytt hwaetg ernaelleyx periinwe rnicteft roemnF. r oamn anthroppoolioongfvtie i cwp,aoe lt irnay n odfi tsisespl efsc pieaelT chhe. rewaolr koipnpgo siitsth ioeon bnee twsepeencs ipaele ch-whether it be sonogrp oreyot rp orsen-dta heev erysdpaeyefr comh w hicdhe ri.it v es Thadte rivatniooitnm pdalob yei sn adriys toinno,fcc toiurasnetd,h e contitnhurauutmnb se tweeveenr lyadnagyau natdgh eve a rioefst pieecsi al speeccabnhe e xtendiendc lwturodi ett teexSntp see.ct hh iawstr itten, becaoufts hee styilnivzodal,stv oeimoent hiamaseb se ttert otc hlea im "special"t ahdndi oas ntoyir naclt ieooxnfsa pmepsclpieeasel c h. Understoaunirdn ihnegrH iotmeedrt iecxa stt hree floefax s pecial languBaagkekt,er ra nspcuernledilsty e irnatreyr prreeutfsaittnoibg oe n , tideodw bnyp resuppoofast ietoxirtoni nagslic loypm osienwd r itainndg writitnoe rnd teobr er eaIdna. n alytzhpiern ign coifHp olmeesrc iocm ­ poiistohne,s houwshs o wt or etheivnetknhc eo ncoeftp htse e ntaenndc e oft hpee riiotcdsl, a sasniaclaoOlgn ulieyna. t ext-abpopurnodBa ackhk,e r aregsuc,at nh see ntenccoen sbitehd eebr aesudin coi fts pehe.Fco llowing thmee thooftd hsle i ngWuailslCtah caeehf, e srseeatshsbeeu si lbdlioncgk s ofs peeicnth e romfs stpheea sck oegrn'istyisvtaeesi am tc toueparlalityne s thper oocfse epsasgk .Cih naerf estihsaetr st isfiucpiearli mopfol siitteiraotne grammoantr h aen aloyfes viesr lydaanyg uBaagkekf.eer erhs io sw na nal­ ysoifHs o merdiics cofruormss uecs hu perimpaonsddie atfmiiloinasr izes outre xtbmoeunntrdalo utiintn herese adoifan rgc hGariepce okte ry. Bakkaerrg'usm aeobnutttsh seh apoifn gmt ehet raincfdaro lm ulaic systoefHm o merdiics cobuytr hseeev erysdpaeyefr cohmw hicihti s deriovpeedn amvanenuyef rosf uturrees epaarrcthi,ic nuttlhoaer rl eyg ula­ tioofsn p eecbhyt hsiyss atte mpt ohseim toemde notpf(re sof)r mainnc ea n ortarla odniT.th iep oiectosfr ecomposiftroimoann-wciheni,-c phe rare refleicntt hepeda ttoefr nwso arndwdio nrgpd l acewmietnththifu enn da­ mentrahly thuminciatl doafc tthyhelexi acm ectaneno rw,b ef urther examifonrmeb do tshy ncharnoddni iacc hpresorpnteiieccvs B.a kkoewrn' s exploroaftt hieqosunees s tmiaroaknm so numeandtvaalin noc ueur n der- Foerword lX stanodfHio nmge rdisicc ouarasls ien gusiyssttAie scmt .r iekxianmgip sl e hissu ccienes xsp latihnseiy nngt fuacncttoiincos fH omerpiract ilcilkees menm,i nd,ed ,ii ,t aorira,h/ ga a,ar, tu aarat/r,k aafl,ot t1aIn,n.t h wea ke of Bakkaenra'lsty hsceil sa,s csaincnihosettlb pur te atdhG er eoefkH omer diefferndtyh:re e aduenrd'easrn sdtionfpg r acteivcealvrlreyys iesa ­ f fceteadn-edn hcaend. A vitqaule srteimoan:wi hnyse x(;,dayi tsh earn ee efdro sap ecdiiasl­ couirnst ehs ee- lxefperssoifmo ynt Thh?ae n swwehrisc,h frvoamcr uyl ­ tutreoc ulthuarvteeod, o w itthhs ep eccioannltto esfm ytihtl sfwe,h ich requsipreefc orimafslro t heeixrp ireoIsnnts. h cea osfHe o merdiiccso urse, aBsa kker isnmh ionwudste et, sa uiclahn swcearbnse f ounidn t haec tual usaogfte h dei sucroistels fAe. c aisnep oinitts h sey stoefnm o uenp-ithet formua.lsT hroutghhef sroeml uaassa, l tshor otuhgdehe ployomfee vnit­ dentpiaiarlclte Hso,m ecrd iicsourresepesr teisnt saetslh vfee rbaloifz ation ah erowiocrt lhdai ltsi rtaelvliysi uzaebldyt hose veargye nosftp se cial divimneem oy,rt hMeu seWsh.a teHvoemrei rcp oetrsyet ehsr otuhgeh Muswehso w itnteheseps pi acbs ceto mjesusat ss peacwisha alt eisvtae ry s throtuhgeh Mwuhsone asr rwahtateth esya (w anhde artdoH) o mer. Homeircv iisona,s preexsbsyte hdme e traincfdaro lm ulsayiscto efm Homerdiics ceo,cul rastiombs es omheitnfrgag reatthearn pmoeiercte imagiionTnah.tbe l ibnadr d'sv ioisnbni cenoemrte hsue l tiempaitpeh any oft hheeo ripca st.