Poe Abroad Poe Abroad influence, reputation, affinities lois davis vines Edited by Universityof Iowa Press,Iowa City UniversityofIowaPress,IowaCity52242 Copyright(cid:1)1999bytheUniversityofIowaPress Allrightsreserved PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica http://www.uiowa.edu/(cid:1)uipress Nopartofthisbookmaybereproducedorusedinanyformorby anymeans,electronicormechanical,includingphotocopyingand recording,withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublisher.All reasonablestepshavebeentakentocontactcopyrightholdersof materialusedinthisbook.Thepublisherwouldbepleasedtomake suitablearrangementswithanywhomithasnotbeenpossible toreach. Thepublicationofthisbookwasgenerouslysupportedbythe UniversityofIowaFoundation. Printedonacid-freepaper LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Poeabroad:influence,reputation,affinities/editedbyLoisDavis Vines. p. cm. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. isbn0-87745-697-6 1.Poe,EdgarAllan,1809–1849—Appreciation—Foreign countries. 2.Poe,EdgarAllan,1809–1849—Translations— Historyandcriticism. 3.Fantasyliterature,American— Translations—Historyandcriticism. 4.Fantasyliterature, American—Appreciation—Foreigncountries. 5.Literature, Modern—Americaninfluences. 6.Poe,EdgarAllan,1809– 1849—Influence. I.Vines,Lois. ps2638.p62 1999 818(cid:2).309—dc21 99-36989 99 00 01 02 03 c 5 4 3 2 1 Contents PrefaceandAcknowledgments, vii Introduction, 1 part i: Poe’sInfluenceinCountriesandRegionsAroundtheWorld PoeinFrance,LoisDavisVines, 9 PoeinRussia,EloiseM.Boyle, 19 PoeinEstonia,TiinaAunin, 26 PoeinScandinavia,JanNordbyGretlund,ElisabethHerion-Sarafidis, andHansH.Skei, 31 PoeinGermanyandAustria,RogerForclaz, 38 PoeinBelgium,J.P.VanderMotten, 45 PoeinGreatBritain,BenjaminF.Fisher, 52 PoeinItaly,MassimoBacigalupo, 62 PoeinRomania,ThomasC.Carlson, 75 PoeinHungary,Gyo˝zo˝Ferencz, 82 PoeinCroatia,SonjaBaˇsi´c, 89 PoeintheCzechRepublic,MarcelArbeit, 94 PoeinPoland,F.Lyra, 101 PoeinSpain,Jos´eAntonioGurpegui, 108 PoeinPortugal,MariaLeonorMachadodeSousa, 115 PoeinSpanishAmerica,SusanF.LevineandStuartLevine, 121 PoeinBrazil,CarlosDaghlian, 130 PoeinJapan,NorikoMizutaLippit, 135 PoeinChina,ShengNingandDonaldBarlowStauffer, 149 PoeinIndia,D.Ramakrishna, 160 vi : Contents part ii: Poe’sInfluenceonMajorWorldWriters CharlesBaudelaire,LoisDavisVines, 165 Ste´phaneMallarme´ andPaulVale´ry,LoisDavisVines, 171 ValeryBrjusovandKonstantinBal’mont,EloiseM.Boyle, 177 OlaHanssonandAugustStrindberg,Bjo¨rnMeidal, 183 ArnoSchmidt,ThomasS.Hansen, 189 BolesławLes´mian,FrankKujawinski, 195 AntunGustavMatosˇ,SonjaBaˇsi´c, 200 FranzKafka,GerhardHoffmann, 204 FernandoPessoa,GeorgeMonteiro, 210 Rube´nDar´ıo,SusanF.LevineandStuartLevine, 215 JorgeLuisBorges,GracielaE.Tissera, 221 JulioCorta´zar,MaryG.Berg, 227 CarlosFuentes,SusanF.LevineandStuartLevine, 233 HoracioQuiroga,MaryG.Berg, 239 TanizakiJunichiro,NorikoMizutaLippit, 244 SelectedBibliography, 251 Contributors, 259 Index, 263 Preface&Acknowledgments Throughoutthisvolumetitlesaregivenintheoriginallanguagefirst. IncaseswherethereisaknowntranslationinEnglish,theEnglishtitleisgiven initalicsforbooksandbetweenquotationmarksforpoems,shortstories,and essays.IfthereisnoknownEnglishversionofthework,thetitleistranslated literallywithoutitalicsorquotationmarks.TitlesinLatinarenottranslated. Theterm‘‘SpanishAmerica’’isusedinsteadof‘‘LatinAmerica’’toreferto countries inCentralandSouthAmericawhereSpanishisthedominantlan- guage.Portugese-speakingBrazilistreatedinaseparatechapter. The preparation of this volume has involved the collaboration of many scholars from around the world. In addition to those who contributed chapters, I would also like to thank others for their help and suggestions: Eric W. Carlson, Kent Ljungquist, Robert Burchfield, Dean McWilliams, JamesThompson,JaniceThompson,WalterGru¨nzweig,ElviraOsipova,and Reet Sool. For permission to use altered or updated versions of articles ap- pearingearlier,IamgratefultoComparativeLiterature,ReviewofContempo- raryFiction,PolishReview,andUniversityofMississippiStudiesinEnglish. Introduction The French poet and essayist Paul Vale´ry remarked in 1924 thatPoe ‘‘wouldtodaybecompletelyforgottenifBaudelairehadnottakenupthetask ofintroducinghimintoEuropeanliterature.’’1Vale´ry’sobservationisbothan exaggerationandanunderstatement.Poecertainlywouldnothavebeencom- pletelyforgotten.AlthoughtheFrenchareloathtoadmitit,hewasreadand admiredbyAmericansduringhislifetimeandafterward.Buttheimportance ofBaudelaire’scontributiontoPoe’srenowngoesfarbeyondVale´ry’sestima- tion. Not only did Baudelaire’s translations and essays introduce Poe into European literature, they also played a major role in his becoming known throughouttheworld,especiallyinAsiaandLatinAmerica. Nineteen ninety-eight marked the 150th anniversary of the publicationof Baudelaire’s first Poe translation, an event that inspired him to produce five volumesofPoeinFrench.ThenamesBaudelaireandPoearelinkedinliterary circlesworldwide.BeforePoediedin1849,helearnedthathistaleswerebeing translatedinFrancebutwasunawarethathisworkhadthegoodfortuneoffall- ingintothehandsofawriterwhowouldbecomeoneofFrance’sgreatestpoets. To commemorate the 150th anniversary of Poe’s death in 1999, Poe Abroad offersatributetohisextraordinaryinternationalinfluenceandreputation. PoeAbroad isthefirstattempttobringtogetherinonevolumeanaccount of Poe’s effect on literatures around the world and to present analyses ofhis influenceonmajorforeignwriters.SeveralyearsagoEricW.Carlsoninvited metocontributeachapteronPoe’sinfluenceabroadtohisbookACompan- iontoPoeStudies(1997).SincemyworkonPoeinFrancegavemeaheadstart, Isetouttodotheresearchwithanenthusiasmthatsoonturnedintoamaze- mentatthecomplexityofthesubjectandthenintodespair.Howwoulditbe possibletopresentastudyofPoe’sworldwideinfluencewithinthestrictlimits of a forty-page manuscript? After coming to grips with the fact that I could presentonlythetipoftheiceberg,Icompletedthechapter,‘‘EdgarAllanPoe: A Writer for the World,’’ with the promise to myself to publish a more