I Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy 4th edition Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. III Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy Based on the International Nomenclature Heinz Feneis Wolfgang Dauber Professor Professor Formerly Institute of Anatomy Institute of Anatomy University of Tübingen University of Tübingen Tübingen, Germany Tübingen, Germany Fourth edition, fully revised 800 illustrations by Gerhard Spitzer Thieme Stuttgart · New York 2000 Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. IV LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData isavailablefromthepublisher. 1stGermanedition1967 2ndJapaneseedition1983 7thGermanedition1993 2ndGermanedition1970 1stDutchedition1984 2ndDutchedition1993 1stItalianedition1970 2ndSwedishedition1984 2ndGreekedition1994 3rdGermanedition1972 2ndEnglishedition1985 3rdEnglishedition1994 1stPolishedition1973 2ndPolishedition1986 3rdSpanishedition1994 4thGermanedition1974 1stFrenchedition1986 3rdDanishedition1995 1stSpanishedition1974 2ndPolishedition1986 1stRussianedition1996 1stJapaneseedition1974 6thGermanedition1988 2ndCzechedition1996 1stPortugueseedition1976 2ndItalianedition1989 3rdSwedishedition1996 1stEnglishedition1976 2ndSpanishedition1989 2ndTurkishedition1997 1stDanishedition1977 1stTurkishedition1990 8thGermanedition1998 1stSwedishedition1979 1stGreekedition1991 1stIndonesianedition1998 1stCzechedition1981 1stChineseedition1991 1stBasqueedition1998 5thGermanedition1982 1stIcelandicedition1992 3rdDutchedtion1999 2ndDanishedition1983 3rdPolishedition1992 4thSpanishedition2000 Thisbookisanauthorizedandrevisedtranslationofthe8thGermaneditionpublishedandcopy- righted1998byGeorgThiemeVerlag,Stuttgart,Germany. TranslatedbyDavidBMeyer,Detroit,Michigan,USA. TranslationrevisedbySuzyonO’NealWandrey,Berlin,Germany. ImportantNote:Medicineisanever-changingscienceundergoingcontinualdevelopment.Re- searchandclinicalexperiencearecontinuallyexpandingourknowledge,inparticularourknowl- edgeofpropertreatmentanddrugtherapy.Insofarasthisbookmentionsanydosageorapplication, readersmayrestassuredthattheauthors,editors,andpublishershavemadeeveryefforttoensure thatsuchreferencesareinaccordancewiththestateofknowledgeatthetimeofproductionof thebook. Nevertheless,thisdoesnotinvolve,imply,orexpressanyguaranteeorresponsibilityonthepartof thepublishersinrespectofanydosageinstructionsandformsofapplicationstatedinthebook. Everyuserisrequestedtoexaminecarefullythemanufacturers’leafletsaccompanyingeachdrug andtocheck,ifnecessaryinconsultationwithaphysicianorspecialist,whetherthedosagesched- ulesmentionedthereinorthecontraindicationsstatedbythemanufacturersdifferfromthestate- mentsmadeinthepresentbook.Suchexaminationisparticularlyimportantwithdrugsthatare eitherrarelyusedorhavebeennewlyreleasedonthemarket.Everydosagescheduleorevery formofapplicationusedisentirelyattheuser’sownriskandresponsibility.Theauthorsand publishersrequesteveryusertoreporttothepublishersanydiscrepanciesorinaccuraciesnoticed. Someoftheproductnames,patents,andregistereddesignsreferredtointhisbookareinfactregis- teredtrademarksorproprietarynameseventhoughspecificreferencetothisfactisnotalways madeinthetext.Therefore,theappearanceofanamewithoutdesignationasproprietaryisnotto beconstruedasarepresentationbythepublisherthatitisinthepublicdomain. Thisbook,includingallpartsthereof,islegallyprotectedbycopyright.Anyuse,exploitation,or commercializationoutsidethenarrowlimitssetbycopyrightlegislation,withoutthepublisher’s consent,isillegalandliabletoprosecution.Thisappliesinparticulartophotostatreproduction, copying,mimeographingorduplicationofanykind,translating,preparationofmicrofilms,and electronicdataprocessingandstorage. ©1976,2000GeorgThiemeVerlag,Rüdigerstraße14,D-70469Stuttgart,Germany ThiemeNewYork,333SeventhAvenue,NewYork,NY10001,USA TypesettingbyprimustypeR.HurlerGmbH,D-73274Notzingen,TypesetonTextline/HerculesPro PrintedinGermanybyOffizinAndersenNexö,Leipzig ISBN3-13-511204-7(GTV) ISBN0-86577-928-7(TNY) 1 2 3 4 5 6 Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. V Foreword The success of Dr. Feneis’s “Bildwörterbuch” has been phenomenal. I remember seeing the first edition of it most vividly and wondering why no one else had thoughtofproducingsuchausefulbook.AndnowitisinitseighthGermanedition, andhasalsobeentranslatedintomanylanguages.Ihaveseveralsuchversionsofit ontheshelfabovemydesk,andIrefertoitfrequently.Itis,ofcourse,muchmore thanadictionaryoftheofficial“NominaAnatomica,”foritisalsoamostvaluable workingpocketbookforanyoneinthefieldofanatomyandmedicine.Itisitsil- lustrationswhichmakeitsousefuland,indeed,unique;Iknowofnoothersimilar dictionaryinanylanguageinwhichthetermsarenotonlydefinedbutalsoshownin clear,simplepictures.Amongthelargenumberofbooksonanatomyappearingyear after year, few have the originality and perennial usefulness to become of per- manentvalue.Thisvolumeisundoubtedlyofthiselitequality.Itwillservestudents, academics,andcliniciansthroughouttheirworkingyears. RogerWarwick ProfessorEmeritus UniversityofLondon (Guy’sHospitalMedicalSchool) Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. VI PrefacetotheFourthEdition ProfessorFeneisdesignedtheanatomicpicturedictionaryasareferencebookthat provides illustrated short descriptions of anatomic terms in accordance with the validinternationalnomenclature.Thebriefandclearlywrittentextsegmentswere setoppositeconcisefiguresofequaleducationalvalue—agraphictaskthatProfessor Spitzermanagedtosolvebrilliantly. Sinceitsinitialpublicationin1967,theFeneisworkhasbeenpublishedinsevenedi- tions and has been translated into numerous languages. The acceptance of the pocketbookformatbyourreadersisproofofitssuccessfuldidacticconcept.Hence, itisonlylogicalthattheeightheditionshouldremaindedicatedtothiseffective concept. Thetextandfigureswererevisedandadaptedtoreflectthecurrentstateofknowl- edge.Ourcolleaguesandstudentsalsocontributedsignificantlywiththeirnumer- oussuggestions.Wewouldliketothankallofyouforyourefforts,especiallyDr.C. Walther,whowithgreatcommitmentprovidedacontinuoussupplyofexpertsug- gestions. Proposalstoaddcolortotheillustrationsofthepresenteditionwererejectedafter extensivedebate,becausethemasterfulpen-and-inkdrawingsbyProfessorSpitzer alreadycapturetheessentialelementsofthestructures.Furthermore,hisdrawings areplasticandeasytoremember.Theextensiveadditionofcolorwouldincrease neithertheinformativevalueofthebooknortheaestheticappealofthefigures. Instead,weselectivelyaddedcolortothetextwhenitservedtomaketheindividual chaptersandtermseasiertofind,alsowhenquicklyleafingthroughthebook.The combineduseofcoloranddifferenttypefacesmakesiteasiertomaintainanover- viewofthedifferentterms.Highlightingincolorthealphabeticcharactersofthe figures facilitates the identification of text and graphic elements that belong to- gether. WewouldliketothankGeorgThiemeVerlaganditsemployeesfortheirpatience, understanding,andcollaborationintheproductionofthisedition. Tübingen,springof2000 WolfgangDauber Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. VII Contents Bones ...................................... 2 1 Sutures,jointsandligaments ................ 54 2 Muscles .................................... 74 3 Muscles,synovialbursaeandsheaths ........ 100 4 Digestivesystem ............................ 108 5 Digestiveandrespiratorysystem ............ 134 6 Urogenitalsystem........................... 154 7 Peritoneum ................................. 176 8 Endocrineglands............................ 182 9 Heart....................................... 184 10 Arteries .................................... 190 11 Veins....................................... 230 12 Lymphaticsystem........................... 254 13 Spleen,meninges ........................... 268 14 Meninges................................... 268 15 Spinalcord ................................. 272 16 Brain ....................................... 278 17 Cranialnerves .............................. 320 18 Spinalnerves ............................... 334 19 Autonomicnervoussystem .................. 348 20 Senseorgans................................ 354 21 Skinanditsappendages ..................... 390 22 Generalterms .............................. 396 23 References.................................. 409 24 Index....................................... 412 25 Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. IX InstructionsforUse Examples (cid:1) The organization of the terms in CARDIOVASCULARSYSTEM accordance with the current ARTERIES NominaAnatomicaisexemplified AORTA by the typefaces shown on the ABDOMINALAORTA right. Celiactrunk Commonhepaticartery Properhepaticartery Rightbranch Cysticartery (cid:1) Terms not organized hierarchi- BONESOFSKULL callyareprintedinnormalredlet- Neurocranium Viscerocranium tering. Chondrocranium (cid:1) Thelettersprintedafteratextseg- ment refer to the figures on the oppositepage.Thenumbersinthe figures correspond to the key word mentioned behind the corresponding number listed in thetext. (cid:1) Higher-ranking terms frequently arenotrepresentedbyanumber inthefigures. (cid:1) Fullyvalidalternativeexpressions Carpalbones(carpi) arelistedinparentheses. (cid:1) The following are listed in single squarebrackets: — inconstantstructures, [Suturalbones] — terms that are unofficial but [Pyramidaltract] listed in the Nomina Anatom- ica, — explanatorysupplements. Splenium[ofcorpuscallosum] (cid:1) Terms not mentioned in the No- [[PouchofDouglas]] mina Anatomica are printed in doublesquarebrackets. (cid:1) Termsrepresentingasupplement 3aintervertebralsurfaceofvertebra to the older editions are marked bylowercaseletters. (cid:1) Circled numeric marks refer to a moreextensiveregion. Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. 1 Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to termsa and conditions of license. a A 2 Bones SKELETON 15 Inferiorarticularprocess(zygapophysis).Pro- 1 Axialskeleton.Skeletonaxiale. cessusarticularis(zygapophysis)inferior.Artic- ularprocessontheinferioraspectoftheverte- 2 1 VERTEBRALCOLUMN.Columnavertebralis.A bralarch.BC 1aVertebra. 16 CERVICAL VERTEBRAE. Vertebrae cervicales. 3 2 VERTEBRALCANAL.Canalisvertebralis.Canal Thesevenuppermostvertebrae(C1−7).A formedbythesuccessivevertebralforamina.It 17 Uncalprocessoruncus.Uncuscorporis.Up- containsthespinalcord.B wardlyprojecting,hook-likeprocessoneither 4 3 Body of vertebra. Corpus vertebrae (verte- sideofthecervicalvertebrae.Itoccasionally brale).BCD gives rise to bony proliferations which can 5 3aFaciesintervertebralis.Thesurfaceofaverte- exertpressureonthespinalnerve.C brafacingtheadjacentvertebra.B 18 Foramen transversarium. Hole in the trans- 6 3bRing apophysis (epiphysis). Apophysisanu- verseprocessofcervicalvertebraeforthepas- sageofthevertebralarteryandvein.C laris.Ringofbonearoundtheupperandlower surfacesofthevertebralbody.Itrepresentsa 19 Anteriortubercle.Tuberculumanterius.Ante- 7 secondarycenterofossification.B riorprojectiononthetransverseprocessesof cervicalvertebrae2−7formuscleattachment.C 4 Vertebralarch.Arcusvertebrae(vertebralis).It 8 formstheposteriorandlateralboundariesof 20 Posterior tubercle. Tuberculum posterius. thevertebralforamen.CD Posterior projection on the transverse 9 5 Pedicle.Pediculusarcusvertebrae.Theportion patrtoaccehsmseesnot.fCcervicalvertebrae2−7formuscle of the vertebral arch situated anteriorly be- 10 tweenthebodyandtransverseprocessaswell 21 Carotidtubercle.Tuberculumcaroticum.Well asbetweenthesuperiorandinferiorvertebral developedanteriortubercleofC6.Sonamed notches.BD because the common carotid artery can be 11 6 Lamina.Laminaarcusvertebrae(vertebralis). compressedagainstitanteriorly.A Theportionofthevertebralarchsituatedpost- 22 Groove for spinal nerve. Sulcus n. spinalis. 12 eriorlybetweenthetransverseprocessandthe GrooveonthetransverseprocessesofC3−7for spinousprocess.C thespinalnervesexitingfromtheinterverte- bralforamina.C 13 6aNeurocentraljunction(synchondrosis).Junc- tioneurocentralis.Cartilaginousjointbetween 23 Vertebraprominens(C7).Theseventhcervical theleftandrightfetalneuralarchesandthe vertebra.Itissonamedbecauseofitsespecially 14 centrum.E well-developed spinous process (in 70% of cases).A 7 Intervertebral foramen. Foramen interverte- 15 brale. Opening for the passage of the spinal 24 THORACIC VERTEBRAE. Vertebrae thoracicae. nerveandsmallvessels.Itisborderedbythe Thetwelvevertebraeofthethorax(T1−12).A twoadjacentvertebralnotches,thevertebral 25 Superiorcostalfacet.Foveacostalissuperior. 16 bodyandtheintervertebraldisc.AB Fossaforarticulationwiththeheadofarib.Itis 8 Superiorvertebralnotch.Incisuravertebralis locatedneartherootofthearchontheupper 17 superior.Notchonthesuperioraspectofthe edgeofthebodyofavertebra.B pedicle.B 26 Inferior costal facet. Fovea costalis inferior. 18 9 Inferior vertebral notch. Incisura vertebralis Fossaforarticulationwiththeheadofarib.Itis inferior. Notch on the inferior aspect of the locatedbelowtherootofthearchonthelower pedicle.B edgeofthebodyofavertebra.B 19 10 Vertebralforamen.Foramenvertebrale.Space 27 Costal facet of transverse process. Fovea surroundedbythevertebralarchandbody.To- costalisprocessustransversi.Facetforarticula- 20 gether,theseriesofforaminaformtheverte- tionwiththetubercleofarib.B bralcanal.CD 28 LUMBARVERTEBRAE.Vertebraelumbales(lum- 21 11 Spinousprocess.Processusspinosus.Itisbifid bares).Thefivevertebraeofthelumbarregion intheupperfourcervicalvertebrae.BCD (L1−5).A 22 12 Transverseprocess.Processustransversus.BC 29 Accessory process. Processus accessorius. Rudiment of the original lumbar transverse 13 Costal process.Processuscostalis.Thetrans- process.Itprojectsposteriorlyfromthebaseof 23 verse process of a lumbar vertebra. It corre- thecostalprocess.D sponds to a rudimentary rib formed by the embryoniccostalelement.D 30 Mamillary process. Processus mamillaris. A 24 bluntprocessprojectingfromthesuperiorar- 14 Superior articular process (zygapophysis). ticularprocessofthelumbarvertebra.D Processus articularis (zygapophysis) superior. 25 Articularprocessonthesuperioraspectofthe vertebralarch.BCD Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license.