PHYSICS RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY P E P LASMAS AND NERGETIC ROCESSES G . IN THE EOMAGNETOSPHERE V I OLUME I S S , NTERNAL AND PACE OURCES S , M P TRUCTURE AND AIN ROPERTIES OF G EOMAGNETOSPHERE No part of this digital document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means. The publisher has taken reasonable care in the preparation of this digital document, but makes no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of information contained herein. This digital document is sold with the clear understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering legal, medical or any other professional services. P R HYSICS ESEARCH T AND ECHNOLOGY Additional books in this series can be found on Nova’s website at under the Series tab. Additional e-books in this series can be found on Nova’s website at under the e-books tab. PHYSICS RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY P E P LASMAS AND NERGETIC ROCESSES G . IN THE EOMAGNETOSPHERE V I OLUME I S S , NTERNAL AND PACE OURCES S , M P TRUCTURE AND AIN ROPERTIES OF G EOMAGNETOSPHERE LEV I. DORMAN New York Copyright © 2017 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means: electronic, electrostatic, magnetic, tape, mechanical photocopying, recording or otherwise without the written permission of the Publisher. We have partnered with Copyright Clearance Center to make it easy for you to obtain permissions to reuse content from this publication. Simply navigate to this publication’s page on Nova’s website and locate the “Get Permission” button below the title description. This button is linked directly to the title’s permission page on copyright.com. 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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data ISBN: (cid:28)(cid:26)(cid:27)(cid:16)(cid:20)(cid:16)(cid:25)(cid:22)(cid:23)(cid:27)(cid:24)(cid:16)(cid:26)(cid:24)(cid:26)(cid:16)(cid:23) (eBook) ISSN: 2473-3679 Published by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. † New York Volume I dedicated to the memory of my love late sister Maria (Musja), 1920  2010 and her husband Boris Tiraspolsky, 1914 – 1975. Photo at 1942, when Maria and Boris married in Magnitogorsk. . CONTENTS Preface xi Acknowledgments xxi Abbreviations and Notations xxv Author's Contact Information xli Chapter 1 Internal and External Sources of Geomagnetosphere, Inverse Periods and Secular Variations, Structure, Geomagnetic Indexes, Energy Transfer from Macro to Micro, Instabilities, Effects before Earthquakes, Radio and Cosmic Ray Tomography 1 1.1. The Geomagnetosphere/Ionosphere as the nearest natural laboratory of plasmas and energetic processes in space 1 1.2. The Geomagnetosphere: main internal and external sources, inverse periods and secular variations 3 1.3. Geomagnetosphere’s structure and the general pattern of energetic magnetospheric processes 20 1.4. Main properties of magnetospheric plasma 23 1.5. Processes in magnetospheric plasma and particle acceleration: Energy transfer from Macro to Micro, Magnetospheric Cosmic Rays (MCR) 25 1.6. Currents in the Geomagnetosphere 26 1.7. Variability of the Geomagnetosphere 29 1.8. Types of plasma instabilities in the Geomagnetosphere 29 1.9. Magnetospheric/ionospheric effects (including precursors) from earthquakes and tsunami 37 1.10. The problem on penetration of flow bursts and shock waves into the Geomagnetosphere 54 1.11. Geomagnetosphere’s radio tomographic imaging 55 1.12. Geomagnetosphere’s energetic neutral atom stereo imaging 57 1.13. Checking Geomagnetospheric currents and magnetic field distribution by galactic and solar CR 58 viii Contents 1.14. Three adiabatic motions of energetic particles in the Geomagnetosphere, geomagnetic coordinates, McIlwain parameter, and inter-hemispheric conjugate 66 1.15. Indexes of geomagnetic activity 69 1.16. Time-variations of geomagnetic activity. 74 1.17. Magnetic turbulence and self–organized criticality in the Geomagnetosphere. 77 1.18. Plasma density distribution in the Geomagnetosphere 79 1.19. Magnetospheric convection. 81 1.20. Possible coupling of thunderstorms with Geomagnetosphere/ionosphere system. 82 References for Chapter 1 82 Chapter 2 Foreshock and Bow Shock 99 2.1. The foreshocks and bow shocks in planetary magnetospheres 99 2.2. The foreshock and bow shock in the Geomagnetosphere 100 2.3. Plasmas and energetic processes at the terrestrial foreshock 101 2.4. Plasmas and energetic processes at the terrestrial bow shock 111 References for Chapter 2 135 Chapter 3 Magnetopause/Plasmapause 145 3.1. Main properties of the magnetopause/plasmapause 145 3.2. Magnetopause location in MHD models and comparison with results of empirical magnetopause models 146 3.3. Kelvin-Helmholtz instability and waves in the magnetopause 154 3.4. Bifurcation of drift shells, plasma penetration, thickness, reconnection, particle acceleration 160 3.5. High-latitude Earth’s magnetopause outside the cusp 177 3.6. Heating, acceleration, and motion of the magnetopause. 181 3.7. Standing Alfvén waves at the magnetopause 184 3.8. Upward field-aligned currents at the magnetopause boundary layer 184 3.9. Models and observations of the Earth magnetopause. 185 References for Chapter 3. 193 Chapter 4 Plasmasphere 205 4.1. Main properties of the plasmasphere 205 4.2. CLUSTER and IMAGE observations of plasmasphere 211 4.3. Observations of plasmasphere by THEMIS, other satellites, and on ground 224 4.4. Plums, whistlers, chorus, hiss, and other waves in the plasmasphere 233 4.5. Plasmaspheric dynamics, erosion and refilling; behavior during geomagnetic storms 245 Contents ix 4.6. The coupling of plasmasphere with ionosphere and upper atmosphere 248 4.7. Models of plasmasphere, composition and refilling, stability and instabilities 252 4.8. The plasmasphere variations and rotation 257 4.9. Plasmasphere processes and radiation belts, motion of submicron charged particles 260 References for Chapter 4 263 Chapter 5 Cusps 271 5.1. Main properties of the magnetospheric cusps 271 5.2. Cusps observations by Cluster, Polar, Interball, and many other satellites 272 5.3. Low-altitude particle cusp latitude and the optimal IMF–magnetosphere coupling function 293 5.4. Multiple cusps during an extended northward IMF period with a significant BY component 296 5.5. Cusps models and predictions, outflows and influence on thermosphere, signatures of the low-altitude cusp 297 5.6. Cusp as tracer and generator of energetic particles 303 5.7. Cusp confinement zones for energetic particles 307 5.8. Turbulence in the outer cusp 311 5.9. Cusp as a source of plasma for the magnetosphere 313 5.10. Outer cusp reformation 316 5.11. High-altitude cusp formed by the horizontal IMF 317 References for Chapter 5 319 Chapter 6 Magnetotail 329 6.1. Main properties of the magnetotail 329 6.2. Instabilities and Stabilities in the Magnetotail 332 6.3. Cluster observations of magnetotail: MFR, current sheet, and reconnection 341 6.4. Magnetic reconnection in the Earth’s magnetotail 352 6.5. Braking of frozen-in condition and flow bursts in the Earth’s magnetotail 369 6.6. Alfvén and other waves, blobs and bubbles in the magnetotail. 374 6.7. Dipolarization fronts in the magnetotail 382 6.8. Electric fields and acceleration processes in the magnetotail 389 6.9. Processes in magnetotail and geomagnetic activity. 399 6.10. Influence of solar wind pressure and IMF on processes in magnetotail 404 6.11. Current sheets in the Earth’s magnetotail. 406 References for Chapter 6 408