Plant Regeneration from Seeds A Global Warming Perspective Thispageintentionallyleftblank Plant Regeneration from Seeds A Global Warming Perspective Edited by Carol C. Baskin Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States Jerry M. Baskin Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States AcademicPressisanimprintofElsevier 125LondonWall,LondonEC2Y5AS,UnitedKingdom 525BStreet,Suite1650,SanDiego,CA92101,UnitedStates 50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UnitedKingdom Copyright©2022ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved. Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronicormechanical,including photocopying,recording,oranyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublisher. 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Tothefullestextentofthelaw,neitherthePublishernortheauthors,contributors,oreditors,assumeanyliabilityforanyinjury and/ordamagetopersonsorpropertyasamatterofproductsliability,negligenceorotherwise,orfromanyuseoroperationof anymethods,products,instructions,orideascontainedinthematerialherein. ISBN:978-0-12-823731-1 ForInformationonallAcademicPresspublications visitourwebsiteathttps://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals Publisher:NikkiP.Levy AcquisitionsEditor:NancyJ.Maragioglio EditorialProjectManager:JaiMarieJose ProductionProjectManager:SwapnaSrinivasan CoverDesigner:ChristianJ.Bilbow TypesetbyMPSLimited,Chennai,India Contents Abouttheauthors xi Seeddormancyandgermination 24 Introduction xix Seedlingsurvivalandgrowth 26 Long-termconsequencesofclimatechangeon seedlingrecruitment 27 Section I Futureresearch 27 Biogeography References 28 1. Effect of climate change on plant 3. Effects of climate change on plant regeneration from seeds in the regeneration from seeds in the cold arctic and alpine biome 3 deserts of Central Asia 33 AndreaMondoni,BorjaJime´nez-Alfaro JuanjuanLu,DunyanTan,CarolC.Baskin andLohengrinA.Cavieres andJerryM.Baskin Introduction 3 Introduction 33 Climatewarminginthearctic(cid:1)alpine Climatechangeincolddesertsof lifezones 4 CentralAsia 34 Effectsofclimatewarmingonarctic(cid:1)alpine Plantlifehistorytraits 34 plants 4 Seeddormancy/germination 34 Climatewarmingandplantregenerationfrom Seedlingsurvivalandgrowth 36 seedsinalpine(cid:1)arcticenvironments 5 Plantgrowth,development,biomass Seedproductionandseedmass 6 accumulation/allocation, Seeddispersalintimeandspace 7 andseedproduction 37 Seeddormancyandgermination 8 Phenology 37 Seedlingemergenceandestablishment 9 Plantmorphologicalcharacters 40 Conclusionsandfutureresearch 11 Drymassaccumulationandallocation 40 References 12 Numberofseedsproduced 41 Furtherreading 18 Importanceofheterodiaspory 41 Vegetationandcommunitydynamics 42 Futureresearchneeds 43 2. Effects of climate change on Acknowledgments 43 regeneration of plants from seeds in References 43 boreal, subarctic, and subalpine regions 19 4. Plant regeneration by seeds in BenteJ.Graae,KristinO.Nystuen, hot deserts 47 VigdisVandvikandAmyE.Eycott MarinaL.LaForgia,D.LawrenceVenable Theborealecosystem 19 andJenniferR.Gremer Recruitmentfromseedsintheborealzone 21 Predictedclimatechangeanditsimpactonthe Introduction 47 borealzone 21 Climatechangeindeserts 48 Samplingandcharacterizingtheknowledge Effectsofincreasingtemperature 49 base 22 Increasingtemperatureeffectson Seedproduction 23 seedsurvival 49 v vi Contents Increasingtemperatureeffectsondormancy 7. Effect of climate change on andseedbanks 50 regeneration of plants from seeds Increasingtemperatureeffects in grasslands 87 ongermination 51 Effectsofdecreasingprecipitation 51 EricRaeandYuguangBai Decreasingprecipitationeffectsondormancy Introduction 87 andseedbanks 54 Climatechangeingrasslands 87 Decreasingprecipitationeffects Grasslandspeciescompositionand ongermination 54 populationdynamics 88 Increasingvariabilityandinteractionsbetween Reproductivephenologyand temperatureandprecipitation 54 seedproduction 89 Effectsofincreasingvariabilityand Seedgermination 92 temperature-precipitationinteractions Seedphysiology 93 ongermination 55 Conclusionsandfutureresearch 94 Otherclimaticchanges 55 References 95 Summaryandconclusions 56 Futureresearch 56 8. Climate change and plant References 56 regeneration from seeds in Mediterranean regions of the 5. Effect of climate change on Northern Hemisphere 101 plant regeneration from seeds in EfisioMattana,AngelinoCarta, steppes and semideserts of EduardoFerna´ndez-Pascual,JonE.Keeley North America 61 andHughW.Pritchard SusanE.Meyer Introduction 101 Introduction 61 Plantregenerationfromseedsundera Currentandfutureclimates 61 changingclimate 103 Seedregenerationstrategiesand Seedproduction 103 climatechange 62 Mildwinters,decreasedcoldstratification, ThegenusPenstemon 63 andseeddormancybreak 103 Regionallyimportantshrubspecies 65 Increasedgerminationtemperatures 104 Nativeperennialgrasses 68 Alteredprecipitationregimesandgermination 105 Nativeherbaceousdicots 68 Sealevelriseandsalinitystress 105 Aninvasiveannualgrass 69 Alteredfireregimes 105 Conclusionsandrecommendationsfor Seedlingsurvival 106 futureresearch 70 Facilitationanddroughtstress 107 References 70 Localadaptationandphenotypicplasticity inthefaceofclimatechange 108 Futuredirections 108 6. Effect of climate change on plant Concludingremarks 109 regeneration from seeds in Acknowledgments 110 steppes and semideserts of References 110 northern China 75 9. Plant regeneration from seeds in XuejunYang,GaohuaFan the southern Mediterranean regions andZhenyingHuang under a changing climate 115 Introduction 75 JenniferA.CochraneandSarahBarrett Projectedclimatechangesandeffectson naturalecosystemsinnorthernChina 75 SouthernHemisphereMediterranean-type Effectsofprojectedclimatechangesin ecosystems 115 northernChinaonregenerationofplants Currentandpredictedenvironmentalchanges fromseeds 76 duetoglobalwarming 116 Futuredirections 83 SouthwesternandsouthernAustralia 116 References 83 CentralChile 117 Contents vii CapeRegionofSouthAfrica 117 Observedandpredictedclimatechangein Currentknowledgeonplantregeneration tropicalforests 158 fromseeds 117 Effectsofclimatechangeonreproductive SouthwesternandsouthernAustralia 117 phenology 159 CentralChile 120 Seedresponsestoelevatedtemperature SouthAfricaCapeRegion 121 anddrought 160 Futureresearchneeds 123 Seedlingresponsestoincreasedtemperatures 161 References 124 Droughttoleranceandshadetolerance trade-offsforseedlings 162 10. Plant regeneration from seeds in Effectsofclimatechangeonnutrient the temperate deciduous forest availability 163 zone under a changing climate 131 InteractionsbetweenelevatedCO2and nutrientlimitation 163 JeffreyL.WalckandSitiN.Hidayati Concludingremarksandfutureresearch challenges 163 Introduction 131 References 164 Changesintemperatureandprecipitation 132 Changesintemperature 132 13. Climate change and plant Interactionbetweenwarmingandchanges inprecipitation 134 regeneration from seeds in tropical Interactionsofwarmingand/orchangesin dry forests 169 moisturewithbioticandnonclimatic GuillermoIbarra-Manr´ıquez,JorgeCorte´s-Flores, abioticfactors 135 Marı´aEstherSa´nchez-Coronado,DianaSoriano, Snowcoverreduction 135 IvonneReyes-Ortega,AlmaOrozco-Segovia, ElevatedCO 136 2 CarolC.BaskinandJerryM.Baskin Seedproduction 136 Soilseedbanks 137 Introduction 169 Geographicalrangeshifts 137 Predictedclimatechanges 170 Futureconsiderations 138 Flowering,seedproduction,anddispersal 171 References 139 Seeddormancyandgermination 171 Physicalandphysiologicaldormancy 172 11. Plant regeneration from seeds: Effectoftemperatureonseedgermination 173 Tibet Plateau in China 145 Seedlinggrowthandsurvival 174 Soilseedbank 174 KunLiu,MiaojunMa,CarolC.Baskin Communitycompositionandshiftsin andJerryM.Baskin speciesdistribution 176 Futureresearchneeds 176 Introduction 145 Acknowledgments 177 Climatechange 146 References 177 Seedproduction 147 Soilseedbank 148 Seeddormancyandgermination 148 14. Regeneration from seeds in South Seedlingemergenceandestablishment 149 American savannas, in particular the Changeincommunitystructureand Brazilian Cerrado 183 composition 150 Researchneeds 151 L.FelipeDaibes,CarlosA.Ordo´n˜ez-Parra, RobertaL.C.DayrellandFernandoA.O.Silveira References 151 Introduction 183 12. Effect of climate change on TheCerradovegetation 183 regeneration of plants from seeds ClimatechangeeffectsintheCerrado 184 in tropical wet forests 157 GerminationecologyintheCerrado: howmuchdoweknow? 185 JamesDalling,LucasA.Cernusak,Yu-YunChen, EnvironmentaldriversofCerradoregeneration MartijnSlot,CarolinaSarmiento fromseedsunderachangingclimate 187 andPaul-CamiloZalamea Increasedfirefrequency 187 Introduction 157 Increaseinmeantemperature 188 viii Contents Decreaseinmeanannualrainfall 188 17. Fire and regeneration from seeds in a Predictedconsequencesofclimatechangeon warming world, with emphasis on plantpopulationsandcommunities 189 Australia 229 Changesinspeciesdistribution 189 Changesinspeciesabundanceand MarkK.J.Ooi,RyanTangneyandTonyD.Auld communitycomposition 190 Introduction 229 Knowledgegapsandresearchneeds 190 Climate-relatedshiftsinthefireregime Conclusions 192 andplantregeneration 231 Acknowledgments 193 Fireintensityandseverity—whatcanhappen References 193 whenfiresburnhotter? 231 Survivalofseedsandchangesinfireseverity 231 15. Plant regeneration from seeds in Fireseason—whathappenswhenfire savanna woodlands of Southern seasonshiftsfromhistoricnorms? 232 Africa 199 Germinationtiming 232 Survivalofseedsandchangestofireseason 233 EmmanuelN.ChidumayoandGudetaW.Sileshi Postfirefloweringspeciesand Introduction 199 fireseasonality 233 Dataacquisitionandanalyticalapproach 200 Postfireseedpredationandmortality 233 RegionalclimatetrendsinsouthernAfrica 201 Firefrequency—whathappenswhenfires LocalclimatetrendsinsouthernAfrican occuratshorterintervals? 234 woodlands 201 Seedbankdepletion 234 Fieldobservationalstudiesonplant Seeddispersalandpersistenceofpostfire regenerationfromseeds 201 obligatecolonizers 235 Fruitproductionandclimate 203 Interactionsofmultiplefactorsonplant Seedlingemergenceandclimate 206 regenerationfromseedsunderclimate Seedlingmortalityandclimate 208 change 235 Conclusionsandrecommendationsfor Fire-proneregionsandthepotentialfor futureresearch 209 “winners”and“losers”under References 209 climatechange 235 Adaptivecapacitytoameliorateimpacts ofclimatechangeinfire-proneregions 236 Section II Conclusionsandfutureresearchneeds 237 References 237 Special topics 16. Effects of climate change on annual 18. Effects of global climate change crops: the case of maize production on regeneration of invasive plant in Africa 213 species from seeds 243 CarolC.Baskin CynthiaD.Huebner Introduction 213 Introductionandbackground 243 Effectofclimatechangeonlifecycleofmaize 215 Matingsystemsandphenology 245 Seeddormancy/germination 215 Sexualreproductivecapacityandseed Plantgrowthfromgerminationtotasseling 216 dispersal 245 Gameteformation,pollination,and Seeddormancy 246 fertilization 216 Seedgerminationandviability 247 Grain(seed)formation 217 Soilseedbanks 248 Grain(seed)filling 218 Bioticinteractionsofinvasive Predictedeffectofclimatechangeonmaize plantspecies 249 productioninAfrica 219 Linkingregenerationbyseedswithclimate Mitigation 221 changemitigation 250 Broadimplicationsforwildplantspecies 221 Futureresearchneeds 250 References 222 References 251 Contents ix 19. Regeneration in recalcitrant-seeded 21. Soil seed banks under a species and risks from warming climate 285 climate change 259 MargheritaGioria,BruceA.Osborne HughW.Pritchard,Sershen,FuiYingTsan, andPetrPysˇek BinWen,GaneshK.Jaganathan,GeaˆngeloCalvi, Introduction 285 ValerieC.Pence,EfisioMattana, Effectsofawarmingclimateonseedbank IsoldeD.K.FerrazandCharlotteE.Seal persistenceanddensity 286 Introduction 259 Changesinthecompositionandstructureof Casestudy1:Regenerationandlight 260 seedbanksunderawarmingclimate 288 Seeddevelopment 261 Mountainecosystemsandelevationgradients 288 Casestudy2:RegenerationinCoffeaspecies 262 Seedbanksconferincreasedresilience Isdormancypresentinrecalcitrantseeds? 262 inextremeenvironments 289 Germinationinrelationtoprecipitationand Bufferingtheeffectsofclimatewarming: temperature 263 temporaryresilience? 290 Casestudy3:Regenerationtiminginrelation Seedbanksandplantmigrationpotential toprecipitationinseasonallydrytropical underawarmingclimate 290 vegetation 264 Challengesandfutureresearchdirections 291 Stoppinggerminationduringseedstorage 266 Concludingremarks 292 Seedandseedlingbanks 267 References 292 Futureresearchneeds 267 Acknowledgments 268 References 268 Section III 20. Effect of climate change on Conclusion regeneration of seagrasses from seeds 275 22. Summary and general conclusions 301 GaryA.Kendrick,RobertJ.Orth, CarolC.BaskinandJerryM.Baskin ElizabethA.SinclairandJohnStatton Seedproduction 301 Introduction 275 Seeddormancyandgermination 301 Evolutionofseagrasses 276 Seedlingsurvivalandgrowth 302 Seagrassmatingsystems 277 Shiftsinspeciescompositionofplant Flowering,seedproduction,andseed communities 303 germination 278 Futureresearchneeds 303 Seeddispersal 279 Conclusions 305 Seedsettlementandearlyseedlingsurvival 279 Climatechangeandseagrassregeneration Index 307 fromseeds—thefuture 280 Acknowledgments 280 References 281