Vo lumes alread y published Volume 1: Trees I (1986) Volume 2: Crops 1(1986) Volume 3: Potato (1987) Volume 4: Medicinal and Aromatic Plants I (1988) Volume 5: Trees 11 (1989) Volume 6: Crops 11 (1988) Volume 7: Medicinal and Aromatic Plants 11 (1989) Volume 8: Plant Protoplasts and Genetic Engineering I (1989) Volume 9: Plant Protoplasts and Genetic Engineering 11 (1989) Volume 10: Legurnes and Oilseed Crops I (1990) Volume 11: Somaclonal Variation in Crop Improvement I (1990) Volume 12: Haploids in Crop Improvement I (1990) Volume 13: Wheat (1990) Volume 14: Rice (1991) Volume 15: Medicinal and Aromatic Plants III (1991) Volume 16: Trees III (1991) Volume 17: High-Tech and Micropropagation I (1991) Volume 18: High-Tech and Micropropagation 11 (1992) Volume 19: High-Tech and Micropropagation III (1992) Volume 20: High-Tech and Micropropagation IV (1992) Volume 21: Medicinal and Aromatic Plants IV (1993) Volume 22: Plant Protoplasts and Genetic Engineering III (1993) Volume 23: Plant Protoplasts and Genetic Engineering IV (1993) Volume 24: Medicinal and Aromatic Plants V (1993) Volume 25: Maize (1994) Volume 26: Medicinal and Aromatic Plants VI (1994) Volume 27: Somatic Hybridization in Crop Improvement I (1994) Volume 28: Medicinal and Aromatic Plants VII (1994) Volume 29: Plant Protoplasts and Genetic Engineering V (1994) Volumes in preparation Volume 30: Somatic Embryogenesis and Synthetic Seed I (1995) Volume 31: Somatic Enbryogenesis and Synthetic Seed 11 (1995) Volume 32: Cryopreservation of Plant Germplasm I (1995) Volume 33: Medicinal and Aromatic Plants VIII Volume 34: Plant Protoplasts and Genetic Engineering VI Volume 35: Trees IV Volume 36: Somaclonal Variation in Crop Improvement 11 Volume 37: Medicinal and Aromatic Plants VIII Volume 38: Plant Protoplasts and Genetic Engineering VII Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry 29 Plant Protoplasts and Genetic Engineering V Edited by Y.P.s. Bajaj With 148 Figures Springer-Verlag Berlin Heide1berg GmbH Professor Dr. YP.S. BAJAJ A-137 New Friends Colony New Delhi 110065, India ISBN 978-3-642-08182-8 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data (Revised for vol. 5) Plant protoplasts and genetic engineering. (Biotechnology in agriculture and forestry; 8 9, 22 23, 29) Includes bibliographies and indexes. I. Plant protoplasts. 2. Plant geneticengineering. I. Bajaj, V.P.S., 1936 .11. Series. QK725.P578 1989,581.87'3 88-31197 ISBN 978-3-642-08182-8 ISBN 978-3-662-09366-5 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-09366-5 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication ofthis pu bl icati on or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-VerIag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH. Violations are liable for prosecution under German Copyright Law. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1994 Origina1ly published by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York in 1994 Softcover reprint of tbe hardcover 1st edition 1994 The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Typesetting: Macmillan India Limited, Bangalore-25 SPIN: 10126434 31j3130jSPS 5 4 3 2 1 0 Printed on acid-free paper Dedicated to Professor Dr. A. van Kammen with whom I had the privilege of working at the Department of Molecular Biology, Agricultural University Wageningen, The Netherlands, during 1973-1974 Preface Plant protoplasts have proved to be an excellent tool for in vitro manipulations, somatic hybridization, DNA uptake and genetic trans formation, and for the induction of somaclonal variation. These studies reflect the far-reaching impact of protoplast alterations on agriculture and forest biotechnology. Taking these aspects into consideration, the series of books on Plant Protoplasts and Genetic Engineering provides a survey of the literature, focusing on recent information and the state of the art in protoplast manipulation and genetic transformation. This book, Plant Protoplasts and Genetic Manipulation V, like the previous four volumes published in 1989 and 1993, is unique in its approach. It comprises 27 chapters dealing with the regeneration of plants from protoplasts, and genetic transformation in various species of Actinidia, Allocasuarina, Anthurium, Antirrhinum, Asparagus, Beta, Brassica, Carica, Casuarina, Cyphomandra, Eucalyptus, Ipomoea, Larix, Limonium, Liriodendron, Malus, Musa, Physalis, Physcomitrella, Picea, Rosa, Tagetes, Triticum, and Ulmus.This book may be of special interest to advanced students, teachers and research scientists in the field of plant tissue culture, molecular biology, genetic engineering, plant breeding, and general biotechnology. New Delhi, September 1994 Professor Y.P.S. BAJAJ Series Editor Contents Section I Regeneration of Plants from Protoplasts . I.l Regeneration of Plants from Protoplasts of Asparagus officinalis L. Y. H. DAN and C. T. STEPHENS (With 3 Figures) 1 Introduction. . . . . . 3 2 Isolation of Protoplasts 5 3 Culture of Protoplasts . 7 4 Plant Regeneration of Calli from Single Protoplasts. 12 5 Summary and Conclusions . 13 6 Protocol. 14 References . . . . . . . . . . 15 I.2 Regeneration of Plants from Protoplasts of Beta vulgaris (Sugar Beet) R. D. HALL, C. PEDERSEN, and F. A. KRENS (With 4 Figures) 1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 2 Isolation of Protoplasts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 3 Protoplast Culture and Plant Regeneration. . . . . . . . 24 4 Protoplast Pretreatment and Protoplast Fusion Techniques . 29 5 Miscellaneous Studies on Protoplasts. 32 6 Protocol. . 34 7 Conclusions 34 References . . 35 1.3 Regeneration of Plants from Protoplasts of Brassica juncea (L.) Czern & Coss (Brown Mustard) E.-C. PUA (With 2 Figures) Introduction. . . . . . 38 2 Isolation of Protoplasts 41 3 Culture of Protoplasts . 41 4 Plant Regeneration and Acclimatization 42 5 Transgene Expression During Plant Regeneration from Protoplasts of B. juncea Via Somatic Embryogenesis . .. 45 x Contents 6 Fusion of Protoplasts . . . . . . . . 46 7 Conclusions and Prospects. . . . . . 46 8 Protocol for Plant Regeneration from Hypocotyl-Derived Protoplasts of var. Indian Mustard Via Somatic Embryogenesis . 47 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 1.4 Regeneration of Plants from Protoplasts of Carica Species (Papaya) M. H. CHEN (With 1 Figure) 1 Introduction. . . . . . 52 2 Isolation of Protoplasts 53 3 Culture of Protoplasts . 55 4 Regeneration of Plants . 57 5 Fusion of Protoplasts 58 6 Conclusion 58 7 Protocols 58 References . . 59 1.5 Regeneration of Plants from Protoplasts of Larix Species (Lareh) P. J. CHAREST and K. KLIMASZEWSKA (With 3 Figures) 1 General Account. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 2 Establishing an Embryogenie Suspension. . . . . . 67 3 Protoplast Isolation from Embryogenie Suspensions 67 4 Culture of Protoplasts . . . . . . . . . 68 5 Regeneration of Trees from Protoplasts. 69 6 Summary 69 7 Protocol. 69 References . 70 I.6 Regeneration of Plants from Protoplasts of Statice (Limonium perezii Hubbard) H. KUNITAKE and M. Mn (With 3 Figures) 1 Introduction . . . . . . 72 2 Isolation of Protoplasts 73 3 Culture of Protoplasts . 73 4 Regeneration of Plants . 76 5 Conclusions and Prospects . 80 6 Protocol. 80 References . . . . . . . . . . 81 Contents XI 1.7 Regeneration of Plants from Protoplasts of Malus Xdomestica Borkh. (Apple) E. M. PATAT-ÜCHATT (With 3 Figures) 1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . 83 2 Isolation of Protoplasts . . . . . . 85 3 Protoplast Culture and Callus Production 90 4 Plant Regeneration from Protoplast-Derived Callus . 93 5 Miscellaneous Studies 97 6 Conclusion 99 References . . . . . . . 99 1.8 Regeneration of Plants from Protoplasts of Musa Species (Banana) B. PANIS, L. SAGI, and R. SWENNEN (With 6 Figures) Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 2 Review on Banana Cell and Protoplast Culture . 102 3 Isolation of Protoplasts 104 4 Culture of Protoplasts . 107 5 Regeneration of Plants . 110 6 Genetic Transformation 112 7 Conclusion and Prospects 112 References . . . . . . . . . 113 1.9 Regeneration of Plants from Protoplasts of Picea Species (Spruce) L. TREMBLAY and F. M. TREMBLAY (With 12 Figures) 1 Introduction. . . . . . 115 2 Isolation of Protoplasts 116 3 Culture of Protoplasts . 121 4 Regeneration of Plants . 126 5 Fusion of Protoplasts 126 6 Miscellaneous Studies 127 7 Summary 127 8 Protocol. 128 References . 128 1.10 Regeneration of Plants from Protoplasts of Physalis Species J. A. EASH and A. C. W AISS, Jr. (With 7 Figures) 1 Introduction. . . . . . 131 2 Isolation of Protoplasts 133 3 Culture of Protoplasts . 135 4 Regeneration of Plants . 139 XII Contents 5 Fusion of Protoplasts 141 6 Conclusions and Prospects . 141 7 Protocol. 142 References . . . . . . . . . . 144 1.11 Regeneration of Plants from Protoplasts of Rosa Species (Roses) D. MATTHEWS, J. MOTTLEY, K. YOKOYA, and A. V. ROBERTs (With 4 Figures) 1 Introduction . . . . . . 146 2 Isolation of Protoplasts 147 3 Protoplast Culture. . . 151 4 Regeneration of Plants . 154 5 Genetic Transformation of Protoplasts 156 6 Conclusions and Prospects . 156 7 Protocols 157 References . . . . . . . . . . 159 1.12 Regeneration of Plants from Protoplasts of Triticum aestivum L. (Wheat) Y.-F CHANG and J. R. WONG (With 13 Figures) 1 Introduction. . . . . . 161 2 Isolation of Protoplasts 162 3 Culture of Protoplasts . 166 4 Regeneration of Plants . 167 5 Conclusion 168 6 Protocol. 168 References . . 170 1.13 Regeneration of Plants from Protoplasts of V/mus Species (Elms) N. DORION, H. BEN JOUIRA, P. DANTHU, and C. BIGOT (With 9 Figures) 1 Introduction. . . . 172 2 Protoplast Isolation 175 3 Protoplast Culture . 181 4 Plant Regeneration 185 5 Conclusions and Perspectives 186 6 Protocol. 186 References . . . . . . . . . . . 188 Section 11 Genetic Transformation and Transgenie Plants . . 191