GRADUASTTEU DIES TEXATSE CHU NIVERSITY PlaLnetaO fp tiPcraolp eirnt ies VisiabnlNdee ar-InLfriagrhetd HaroW.l Gda usman No2.9 Febru1a9r8y5 TEXATSE CUHN IVERSITY LauF.rC oa vaPzroess,i dent Regenrs.E-.BJ iorhdn(w Cehlali rJm.Fa rneB)du, c Jye,r Froyr Rde,xF ullNeart,hC a.n GallowaDy.J, o hLnaWsreorsnyWl, .e M ya stBe.Jr osPe,e vehaonuAdsn enS,eo well. JohRn.D arlViinPcgre,e sfiodArec natd eAmffiaacin rRdse search EditorCioamlm i11eeH.e-nCdl(ryCidhceak i rDmialnfC)o.C,r a dr tEe.Dr a,lC el uJffo,hR n. DarlMionngtE,y.D avenport, Oliver HenRs.Jl oeryg,eJ naCsnleeyntd, e D iJaozn es, Stephen Perez, ER.Pi ectheaMrrasdor niE,l.P y hne lan,L .PR roedsnteoyn W,. S CahragJreelnffetrs,e y R.SmitCtaeHrn.lS, t eImd,rR i.Ts r ayJlrao.nr,Dd, a vAi.Wd e lton. GradSutautdNeio 2e.9s 78p p. 4F ebr1u9a8r5y Pap$e1r0,. 00 Clo$t2h5,. 00 GradSutautdeai rneeus m besreepda raanptdue bllyi osnah nie rdr ebgausulinasdrt e hrae u spices oft hVei Pcree sfiodArec natd eAmffiacai nrRdse seaanridcnc h o opewriattthhiIe on nt ernational CenftoeArrr iadn Sde mi-LAarnSidtd u dCioepsim.ea syb ep urchfarsoTeemxd a Tse cPhr ess, SalOefsf TiecxeTa,es cU hn iveLrusbibtToyec,xk7 a,9s 4 U0.9S,. A. ISS0N0 82-3198 ISB0N- 8967(2p-a1p3e1r-)0 ISB0N- 8967(2c-l1o3t2h-)9 TexTaescP hr eLsusb,b Toecxka,s 1985 PREFACE Thee nhancuendd erstaannddai dndgi tikonnoawll eadbgoeu tth e interaocfet lieocnt romraagdnieatwtiiictop hnl alneta vaensdo thpelra nt constihtauhsee nltptseo fd o rtmh feo undaftotirho rene latnievwse cliye nce andt echntihqauhtea sd evelcoapledlr eedm osteen siTnhgi".st ooils" becomuisnegfi unml a nfyi elsdusca,hsa gricugletoulrofego,yr ,e satnrdy , oielx plorattohi eolnsp,u stoarii nn cretahsepe r oducotfie onne rgy, minerfaolosad,n,fd i ber. Thibso oakt temtport esv iaenwde xpliania nn onpedemsotdrteih aen basiacbso uthtie n teraocfet lieocnt romraagdnieawttiiitcoph nl alneta ves andt od iscuisnas g,e neruanlb,i ased, aabnbdnr oenvpieadtaendt,i c mannetrh,me a nfya cttohraastf ftehciitsn teraIcftt hiteoe nxm.ti ghbte deemetdo os uccitnhcect i,t atmiaodnets h rougthhoebu oto skh ould provtihdreee adweirta hd equraetfee remnacneoys fw, h ichha vseu perb revioefpw esr tilnietnetr Maotrueroeiv.tie sar n,t icitphaatttheb edo owki ll bea usefsuolu rocfie n formattosi tound einnttse rienst theerde mote sensdiinsgc iapnldit nore e searicnhveorlisvn ee idt hfeurn dameonrt al applied ofar sepmeocttes r seesnesairncgh . Iti si mposstiogb ilvaeed equcarteetd oit th owsheod ireocrit nldyi rectly havhee lpdeedv etlhoipbs o obky t heeinrc ouragFeumretnhte.rm myo re, verfyo rtuansastoec iwaittimhoa nn yo utstansdciinegnh taishs etlsp ed greaitnlm yy reseaerfcfho Irntt sh.ir se gaIr tdh,a nDkr sC.r aiLg. Wiegand,D .J Raacyk saonndJ, e rEr.yQ uisenbfeotrrhr eyhi erl ipn varipohuass oefms y c areAedrd.i tiosnpaelclriyef,ci ocg nmiutsibtoe n givteonM rD.a vEi.dE scoabnatdr oM rR.o meRo.R odrigwuheohz e,l ped eagetrocl oyn dmuacntey x perirmeefnettrsori entd h ibso oMko.r eoIv er, am greaitnldye bttoDe rd.J .Re xJ ohnswthoonw asi nstrumienn tal proviadnie nxgc elrleesnetea nrvc"ihr onamnedwn htoh abse eans ourocfe inspirtaomt efi oomrna nyye ars. MrsL.i ndGar avgersa cioduislliyg,e anntdlc ya,r eftuylpletydh e manuscwrhiipcwtha, sr eviewwietmdhu cehf faonrdtt i mbeyM rA.r thur JR.icharMdrs.Po anu,Rl . N ixoDnr,D. a lPee nningatnodDn r,H. e nry YokoyaTmhaea.is rs isitgsar necaaetp lpyr ecTihaeat uetdhe.ox rt esnpdesc ial thantkoMs s J.u lKi.Ka v etEodni,t oArsisailsT teaxnTeatcs,h P re,fs oshre r intermipnaatbileaenn cdie n imithaeblalpne d g uidainnce ed itainndg develotphimena gn uscarnidtp otD ,r R.o beCr.At l biDni,r ecItnosrt,i tute foRre seairnPc lha Snttr eCsosl,l oefgA eg ricuSlctiuernaTclee xsTa,es c h Univerfsohirit esyn ,c ouragaengmdue indta nce. Iw oulbdev ernye glihgoewnetv,ie fIr d ,i ndo gti vsep ectihaalnt kos myw ifLea,u rEal lefnoh,re urn usual devotainodun n,d eprasttiaenndc­e, ingId. e ditchabitoseo tkoh ewri tmhyu tmoasptp recainardte isopne ct. CONTENTS Introdu..c. . t. . i. . o. . n. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 7 LeaVfi siabnlNdee ar-lnLfirgaShrptee dc. t.r.a. ..........9. ............ BioloFgaicctaAolfr fse cLteiaOnfpg t iPcraolp e.r.t.i.e.s. .....l7. ......... BiocheFmaicctaAolfr fse cLteiaOnfpg t iPcraolp e.r.t.i.e.s. ....4.1. ....... DetecotfSi torne AsfsfeescL teiaOnfpg t iPcraolp e.r.t.i.e.s. ....4.5. ....... NewP romiSstirnDeges tse cTetcihonni q.u.e.s. ..........5.7. ........... SomUes eosfS pecMteraaslu re.m.e.n.t.s. ...........6.1. ............... Conclu.s.i.o.n. ........................6.9. .......................... LiterCaittu.er.de. ........................7.1. ........................ INTRODUCTION SIGNIFICAONFLC EEA F-LIGIHNTT ERACTIONS Ani ntenusnidveer staanbdoiutnthg eo pticchaalr actoefrp ilsatnitc s leavaensdo thpelra cnotm poniesmn atnsd attooar pyp tlhype r incoifp le remosteen stiont gh seu rvoefty h eea rtrhe'sso utrocd eest,ef cotra agned grapirno ducatnidto oni ,n vesttihgiean ttee raocfrt aidoina wtiitothnh e ecosystem. Plalneta rfe spodnosmeisn maotsest i gntahlarste arcehm osteen sors. Evetnh oupglha anptp endsaugcaehsss tembsr,a ncbhreasci,tn sf,l orescen­ cesh,e adest,c a.f,f etchtes ignatlhse,ci orn tribiusmt iinoonLr e.a f charactseurciahssp t uibcess caenndpc ieg menthaotwieovnme,ar yh, a vae majoirn fluoennt chreee mosteen ssoirg nTahlesr.e fiotir sie m,p orttoa nt consitdhoeepr t ipcraolp eorftl ieeasvi enrs e lattoio obns erovrre edc orded senssoirg n(aTlhste.e r"ml igwhitlb"le u sehde rteoi nclbuodtevh i sible annde ar-inrfardairaetdi on.) Whenal eaifn tericnecpotmsri andgi aattai c orni taincgalalep ,o rtion oft hlei gihsat b sorTbheead m.o uonfta bsorpdteipoenon dnts h een ergy (waveleonftg htpehh )o tionnvso lpvheodt;wo intsth h seh orwtaevsetl ength (hiegnhe ruglyt ravainodvl iestil bilgeha tri)en volivnpe hdo tosynthesis andp hotochermeiaccatsliu ocanhssp hotomorphopgheonteostirso,p ism, andc hlorospyhnytlhlwe hseirsep,ah so townistt hh leo ngweasvte length (low-enienrfgryal riegdha tf)f ehceta tipnrgo cesesveasp,o raatnido n, transpiCroantsieoqnu.ce hnatnlgiyen,ts h ceo ncentorfal teiacofhn l oro­ plasptisg'm eanntdst isswuaet ecro nteanrtel argreelsyp onfsoirb le inducvianrgi aibnpi lliattniyts lsiugeah bts orption. A portoifot nhi en compihnogt oanrasel sroe flewchtetenhd e iym pinge ona l eaafta c ritaincgalSlep .e curleafrl ecotcacnuacrttes h lee acfu ticle, wheredaisf fruesfel ecotraingcienf artoemls i ghstc atte(rmiunlgt iple reflemcatiinowlniy)t htihnle e maefs ophLyilglth.ht a itsn eitahbesro rbed norre fleicstt readn smIinta tp eldac.na tn otphye,r etfroarnes,m liitgthetd usuailnltye rwaicttshsu btenldeeadvo erws i tthh es oigli,v imnagn y ramifictaott hiueon ndse rstoafns dpienccgth raarla ctoefdr iivsettriyscpese s ofp lacnatn opies. IMPORTALNITT ERATURSEO URCES Revieowfts h ien teraocflt iigowhnit t phl alneta vweisto,ht hpelra nt appendaagnedws i,t sht emi!sr ea vailaibnlcel,u drienmgos teen sing applicarteimoonstsee,n siinnsgt rumenatnadtt hiepo hny,s oifcl si ght interaSchtuil1ol9n,2:S 9 e;y bo1l9d31,19 ,3 S2e;y baonldWd e issw1e9i4l2e;r , Mest1r9e3,B5 i;l lainndMg osr r1i9s5,M1 o;s asn dL oomi1s9,5G 2a;t aensd Tantra1p9o5rG2na;,t eetsa l1.9,6 A5b;o ukha1l9e6dK6,n; i pl1i9n6g7,, 196199,7 P0e;a rm1a9n6,W6 e;b earn dO lse1n9,6 T7h;o maesta l1.9,6 7; 7 8 GRADUATSET UDITEESX ATSE CHU NIVERSITY Allaennd R ichar1d9s6oS8nc;,o ettat l1.9,6 S8i;n cl1a9i6rM8,y; e rasn d Alle1n9,6A 8l;l eetan l1.9,7 0Gba;u smaanndC arde1n9a6s9W,ai ;e gaentd al1.9,6 169,6 199,7 129,7 C9a;r lestoan l 1.9,7 M1e;t h1y9,7 G2a;u smeatn al1.9,7 11a9,7 4Wao;o ll1e9y7,K1 u;m a1r9,7 T2u;c k1e9r7,7 1a9,7 71b9,7 9, 198a0n;Bd u nn1i9k7,8 . Learfe flechtaasbn eceern e lattoey di e(lTdh omeatas l1.9,6 7l)e;a f anatohmaysb eerne lattope hdo tosynatchtei(tvHiiects yk aentdBh a ker, 196a9n)dt oo pticcoanls t(aGnatmusas ne ta l1.9,7 01a9,7 01b9,7 3lae)a;f optipcraolp ehratvibeee ser ne lattote hde einre rbgayl aanncdwe a ter-use effic(iAebnocuyk h1a9l6ea6dn),d s oimlo ist(uDraed yaknidBn e denko, 1961a)n;dl easfp echtarvabe e ecno mpawrietdsh p ecotfrl ae aefx tracts, potattuobt eirs sguleab,se sa idnsw atearn,df rozleena v(eWsoo l1l9e7y1,) . Alsloi,g rhetl atiinpo lnascn atn ophiaevrsee ceaitvteedn (tAiloleneta n l ., 1970Icd;sa on dD eWi1t9,7 S0u;i 1t9s7,12 9,8 S3u;i atnsdS af1i9r7,G2 u;y ot andC hasse1r9a8By1u,;n ni1k9,7C 8h;a nacnedL eMas1t9e7rJ8,a; c kesto n al.1,9 82a;n dH atfi1e9l8d3,M) o.r eovtehrei, m portoafnp creo per instrucmaelnitb rianmt aikoinsn ign gler-elfelaefcm teaanscuer ehmaesn ts beeand dre(sAslealdne Rdni char1d9s7o1nb,) . LEAVFI SIBALNEDN EAR-INFRARED LIGHSTP ECTRA REFLECTANACBES,O RPTANACNED,T RANSMITTANCE Mosstp ecmteraaslu rermeepnotrostn he edr wee rmea doev etrh 0e. t5o 2.5-wµamv ebaonnsd i ngle plainntt h ell aebaovreabsty uo sriyn ag spectrophwoittaohr m eeftleerca ttatnaccehT moef natc.i liinttaetrep retation ofd attah,0e . t5o 2 .5-wµamv ebawnhdi,ci hn clumdoesostf t hvei sible ligrhetg i(o0n.t o40 .75-aµnmdt) h ien frraergeid(o 0n.t 7o25 . 5-µhma)s, beedni viidnettdoh rceaet egaosdr eipeisc itnFe idg uIr.Te h esaer( e1:t) h e 0.t5o 0 7.5 -µvmis ilbilgaehb ts orprteagnicdoeon m,i nabtype idg ments­ primacrhilloyr opah aynldbl (sc hlorocp ohcycluilrn bs r owanl gae), carotaennxdea sn,t hop(h2ty)hl 0el7. s5 t; o I .35n-eµ-amir nfrwaarveedb and, a regioofhn i glhi grhetf lecatnadln ocwae b sorptthaanitcsa e f fected considbeyri anbtleylr ensaatflr ucatnud(r 3et);h l e. 3to52 .5-wµamv eband, a regiionnf luesnocmbeeyd l easft rucbtuutar fef,e gcrteeadbt ylw ya ter concentirnta htteii osns ue-wsattraeobrns go rpbtainoodncs c auttr h 1e. 45 andl .95-µm waTvheepl eeanfkgostl hlso.tw hienbsgae n adtsl6 .5a nd2 .2- µmw avelenrgetshpsec,dt eicvreaelslay es,tae if s wsautece orn tiennctr eases. Ane xampolfae v ergye neirnatle rproeftt harete isouonlf lt essa pf ectra obtaionveetdrh 0e. t5o2 .5-wµamv ebfaonldl boawssoe ndF igu2r.Te h is figucrhea rtthsre e flecttraanncsem,i atntdaa nbcseo,r pstpieocfnto rara citr(uCsi tsriunse nlseiawsfh),i cthy piaf ideisc totylleedawofin tohu s dorsiventral stpraurcetnucrcheey-lmpolaans tl hideso ardsesa ilda en d spongpya renchcyemloaln st hev entsriadloe f t hel eaHfe.r teh e reflectance, atnrdaa bnssomriptwtteaarnnaeccb eeo ,u1 t0 ,4 0a,n d9 0 percreenstp,e cattti hv0ee. l5y5,w- aµvme legnrgetehn pleiawgkih ttht ihne 0.5t o0 7.5 -µwma vebaAnbds.o rpwtaisop nr imarcialuysb eydl eaf pigmeWnittsh.ti hn0e7 . 5 t ol .35w-aµvme batnhdew,ra eas b o5u5tp ercent reflec4t0pa enrccete,rn atn smiatntd5ap necrec,ae bnsto rpAtbaonvcteeh .e l3.5-µwma velenagbtsho,r ptiannccree garseeadbt elcya uosfew ater absorpotfli iogenhn te rgy. REFLECTANCE MECHANISMS WillstaantdSt teo(1rl 9 l1 e8x)p lalienalefid g rhetf lecatnadtn rcaen smit­ tanocnet hbea soifcs r itriecfalle ocftv iiosnil bilgaeht tt h cee lwla ll-air interoffsa pcoen mgeys ophtyilslsS uien.c (l1a9i6hr8y )p othetshialztee adf reflecdtearnicfvere ostm h ed iffcuhsaer actoefrp ilsatncitec lwsla lls. Gausmeatna l(.1,9 6199b6,9 1c9,7 0qau)a ntitraetliavnteeeladyr -infrared ligrhetf lecttona unmcbeoe fri ntercaeilsrlp ualcbaeersc ,a duisfef luisgehdt passmeodro ef tfernoa mh igthoa l orwe fraicntdievxe. Reflecotfla ingcfhert o lme aovcecsu irnst ernbaelclaiyutw,s a esr educed byi nfiltlreaatvwieinstgw h a t(ePre arm1a9n6M,6o ;s s1,9 5o1r)w itohi l 9 10 GRADUATES TUDITEESX ATSE CHU NIVERSITY SELECTWEADV ELENGFTOHRSS TATISTICAALN ALYSES VISIBLE NEAR WATER ABS0RPTANCE INFRARED I (NEAIRN FRARED) I I., 70 I"! 10• I t 60 �.. 50 z .,., .. CJ 0 e...40 t I 0 I I • I'° ., I CJz I I I j!.... 30 IIId I t III •III .J I I I "'2 0 II !WATER I IB AND t I I I I 10 I WATER I BAND 0 I 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 WAVELENGTH, 11111 Fie!.. -Lirgehftl ecttraanncsem,i atntdaa bnscoer,p otvaetnrhc 2ee. 5-wµamv eboafn1 dh e uppseurr foafacc ei tlreuawsfh ,i cwahrs e preseonfatd ai1ciovtey ledolneoaufs.- type mixtu(rWeoso lIl9 e7l)y .,V acuuimn filtorfac tiitor(Cnu i st rsuisn ensis) leavreesd utcherede flecmtaarnkceoedv letyrh 1e. 3t5o2 .5-wµamv eband bye limintahtreio nlgoe fh ydracteelwdla ll-ianitre r(fuancpeusb lished datWao)o.l l(1e 9Iy7) h ,o wevperre,d itchtaietnd t edrinsaclo ntoitnhueirt ies thaani r-icnetlelr wfearcreee ssp onfsoiarpb alreot ft hnee ar-inlfirgahrte d reflecbtyaa lnecaeHf i.sp remiwsaesc onfirimnte hdar te fraicntdievxe discontaimnounicgte imleelsm bracnreyss,ct eawllalsl ,la sn,sd u rrounding protopdliaidsn mc rteharese ef lecotfna enacre- inlfirgaahttrt he 0ed. 85-µm wavele(nGgatuhs m1a9n7,7 a). An experitmoed nett ermtihnere e fraicntdieovxfep lanlte avbeys vacuuimn filt(rGaatuisomenat a nl .1,9 74ibsr) e sponfsoiFrbi lgeu3 r.e Leavoefbs l ackpeey(aPe i ssuamt ivucmu)c,u m(bCeurc umsiast ivsutsr)i,n g bea(nP hasevoullugsa rainsdt) ,o ma(tLoy coperessiccuolne nptluamn) ts wervea cuiunmf ilwtirtadhti esdt wialtlaeenrdvd a rimoiuxst uorfoe isal n d hexatnhea ptr ovisdeevde rreaflr aicntdiivIcene fsi.l tlreaatvreeedsf lected lelsisg thhtan no ninfiltroavteterhd0 e . tl5oe2 a.v5e-wsµa mv eband because cewlall li-natierr wfearpceae rst yie allilminMaitneidmr.ae lf lecsthaonucled occ-wuhre tnh aev erraegfer aicntdioevfxpe l acnetlw la lilsms a tchbeyd thien filtfrlautAiildot.nh ough refrtahcarttei svueil ntmi eindnd iicmeasl reflecdtiafnfacemero endtg h feo uprl agnetn earnaa ,v ervaagleou fel 4 .25 approxitmharete efdr aicntdieovxfep lacnetl wla lflostr h feo·u prl ant genera. GAUSMAN-PLLAENATOF P TICPARLO PERTIES II 100 90 80 70 I60 50 40 30 20 10 0 100 .5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 WAVELENGµTmH , Fie2.. -Partiotfti holeni igrnhegtf leocftt ah0ne.c t5eo2 .5-wµamv ebiannttdoh rgeeen eral arevaiss:i nbelaer,- inafnridan rferdwa,ar teaedbr s orprteagnicoen s. Diffruesfel ecatnadtn rcaen smiotfat c aonmcpeal cetsa ufc ahsc or(nZ ea maysa)l ,e iamfp regwniattwhea dt earn,da n i mmatcuortet( oGnos sypium hirsutluema()Gf a usmeatna l .1,9 69wba)sp redifcrtoeamdp latthee ory (Alleeta nl 1.,9 69C)o.t tloenam fat uraitsci hoanr actbeycr eidlzilev di sion ande xpanstihoaintn crelaisgerhdet f lecatnadrn ecdeu lciegdth rta nsmit­ tanocfet hlee aGfe.n eraliozfta htpeil oantt hee o(rfyl atm-opdleatlto)e incltuhdeeef foefic ntt ercaeilsrlp ualclaeertsd o t hveo iadr eian d(eVAxi ) concoefpa tl eaWfh.e na leaifsr egaradsae p di loefN compalcaty ers separbayit nefdi nitaeissrpi amcatelhsVA e,i isg ivbeynN -1T.h eVA i of ac ompalceitas zf e rToh.eVA ii sr ougthhlaeyv ernaugmeb oefar i cra vities penetbryaa tr eapdya sstihnrgo ualg eha Gfa.u smeatan l (.1, 9 70usae)td h e VAi tom easutrheei ntercealilrsu plaacrie nsb otcho mpaacntd noncomplaecatvT ehse.VA i wass troncgolryr elwaittlehad b oratory measuremoefin nttse rcealilriu nlm aers ophoyfll lesa tfr ansections (Gausemtaa ln1. 9, 70a). Alleann dR ichar(d1s9o6nu8 s)e tdh eK ubeika-(MKu-nMtk)h eory (KubeainkdMa u nk1,9 3t1o)d escrniebaer -inlfirgrahertfe lde catnadn ce transmiotflt eaanvmceeesa suornea ds pectrophoBtaoseminectt ieitrni. e s thea pplicoaftt ihoeKn - Mt heotroyl eavaerset her eflecatnadn ce transmiotfats ainnclgeel aef . Paramettheaertms e rgferdot mh fel at-tphleaoitrneyc luadm eeda suorfe thlee awfa taenrda icro ntetnhetef, f ecitnidoveefxr efranc,ta inodtn h e absorpctoieofnf kic.Ti heeen ftf eeci tnidovefxr efraocfta it oynp ilceaalf tentdosb el ikteh ree fraicntdieovxfee picutwiacxuT.lh aere ffective absorpctoieofnf oifcai t eynptil ceaailfsa s uperpoosfti htaeib osno rption coeffiocfci helnotrso apnhdpy ulrlle i quwiadt eTrh.el eapfl amtoed eils