METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY™ 318 PPllaanntt CCeellll CCuullttuurree PPrroottooccoollss SS EE EECCOONNDD DDIITTIIOONN EEddiitteedd bbyy VViiccttoorr MM.. LLooyyoollaa--VVaarrggaass FFeelliippee VVáázzqquueezz--FFlloottaa Plant Cell Culture Protocols M E T H O D S I N M O L E C U L A R B I O L O G Y™ John M. Walker, SERIES EDITOR 328. New and Emerging Proteomic Techniques, edited 305.Protein–Ligand Interactions: Methods and by Dobrin Nedelkov and Randall W. Nelson, 2006 Applications, edited by G. Ulrich Nienhaus, 2005 327. Epidermal Growth Factor: Methods and Protocols, 304. Human Retrovirus Protocols: Virology and edited by Tarun B. Patel and Paul J. Bertics, 2006 Molecular Biology, edited by Tuofu Zhu, 2005 326. In Situ Hybridization Protocols, Third Edition, 303. NanoBiotechnology Protocols, edited by Sandra J. edited by Ian A. Darby and Tim D. Hewitson, 2006 Rosenthal and David W. Wright, 2005 325. Nuclear Reprogramming: Methods and Protocols, 302. Handbook of ELISPOT: Methods and Protocols, edited by Steve Pells, 2006 edited by Alexander E. Kalyuzhny, 2005 301.Ubiquitin–Proteasome Protocols, edited by 324. Hormone Assays in Biological Fluids, edited by Cam Patterson and Douglas M. Cyr, 2005 Michael J. Wheeler and J. S. Morley Hutchinson, 2006 300.Protein Nanotechnology: Protocols, 323. Arabidopsis Protocols, Second Edition, edited by Instrumentation, and Applications, edited by Tuan Julio Salinas and Jose J. Sanchez-Serrano, 2006 Vo-Dinh, 2005 322. Xenopus Protocols: Cell Biology and Signal 299.Amyloid Proteins: Methods and Protocols, Transduction, edited by X. Johné Liu, 2006 edited by Einar M. Sigurdsson, 2005 321. Microfluidic Techniques: Reviews and Protocols, 298.Peptide Synthesis and Application, edited by John Howl, 2005 edited by Shelley D. Minteer, 2006 297.Forensic DNA Typing Protocols, edited by 320. Cytochrome P450 Protocols, Second Edition, edited Angel Carracedo, 2005 by Ian R. Phillips and Elizabeth A. 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Mast Cells: Methods and Protocols, edited by Guha 290.Basic Cell Culture Protocols, Third Edition, Krishnaswamy and David S. Chi, 2005 edited by Cheryl D. Helgason and Cindy L. 314. DNA Repair Protocols: Mammalian Systems, Second Miller, 2005 Edition, edited by Daryl S. Henderson, 2005 289.Epidermal Cells, Methods and Applications, 313.Yeast Protocols: Second Edition, edited by Wei edited by Kursad Turksen, 2005 Xiao, 2005 288.Oligonucleotide Synthesis, Methods and Appli- 312.Calcium Signaling Protocols: Second Edition, cations, edited by Piet Herdewijn, 2005 edited by David G. Lambert, 2005 287.Epigenetics Protocols, edited by Trygve O. 311. Pharmacogenomics: Methods and Protocols, edited Tollefsbol, 2004 by Federico Innocenti, 2005 286.Transgenic Plants: Methods and Protocols, edited by Leandro Peña, 2005 310. Chemical Genomics: Reviews and Protocols, edited 285.Cell Cycle Control and Dysregulation by Edward D. Zanders, 2005 Protocols: Cyclins, Cyclin-Dependent Kinases, 309. RNA Silencing: Methods and Protocols, edited by and Other Factors, edited by Antonio Giordano Gordon Carmichael, 2005 and Gaetano Romano, 2004 308. Therapeutic Proteins: Methods and Protocols, 284.Signal Transduction Protocols, Second Edition, edited by Robert C. Dickson and Michael D. edited by C. Mark Smales and David C. James, 2005 Mendenhall, 2004 307.Phosphodiesterase Methods and Protocols, 283.Bioconjugation Protocols, edited by Christof edited by Claire Lugnier, 2005 M. Niemeyer, 2004 306.Receptor Binding Techniques: Second Edition, 282.Apoptosis Methods and Protocols, edited by edited by Anthony P. Davenport, 2005 Hugh J. M. Brady, 2004 M E T H O D S I N M O L E C U L A R B I O L O G Y™ Plant Cell Culture Protocols Second Edition Edited by Victor M. Loyola-Vargas and Felipe Vázquez-Flota Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigacion Cientifica de Yucatán, Yucatán, México © 2006 Humana Press Inc. 999 Riverview Drive, Suite 208 Totowa, New Jersey 07512 www.humanapress.com All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise without written permission from the Publisher. Methods in Molecular BiologyTM is a trademark of The Humana Press Inc. All papers, comments, opinions, conclusions, or recommendations are those of the author(s), and do not necessarily reflect the views of the publisher. This publication is printed on acid-free paper. ∞ ANSI Z39.48-1984 (American Standards Institute) Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials. Cover illustration: Cover illustration: Figure 3 from Chapter 5, "Callus and Suspension Culture Induction, Maintenance, and Characterization," by Alejandrina Robledo-Paz, María Nélida Vázquez-Sánchez, Rosa María Adame-Alvarez, and Alba Estela Jofre-Garfias. Production Editor: Jennifer Hackworth Cover design by Patricia F. Cleary For additional copies, pricing for bulk purchases, and/or information about other Humana titles, contact Humana at the above address or at any of the following numbers: Tel.: 973-256-1699; Fax: 973-256-8341; E-mail: [email protected]; or visit our Website: www.humanapress.com Photocopy Authorization Policy: Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the internal or personal use of specific clients, is granted by Humana Press Inc., provided that the base fee of US $30.00 per copy is paid directly to the Copyright Clearance Center at 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923. For those organizations that have been granted a photocopy license from the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged and is acceptable to Humana Press Inc. The fee code for users of the Transactional Reporting Service is: [1-58829-547-8/06 $30.00]. Printed in the United States of America. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 eISBN: 1-59259-959-1 ISSN: 1064-3745 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Plant cell culture / edited by Victor M. Loyola-Vargas and Felipe Vázquez-Flota. – 2nd. ed. p. cm. – (Methods in molecular biology) Includes bibliographical references (p. ). ISBN 1-58829-547-8 (alk. paper) 1. Plant cell culture–Laboratory manuals. 2. Plant tissue culture–Laboratory manuals. I. Loyola-Vargas, Victor M. II. Vázquez-Flota, Felipe. III. Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) QK725.P5535 2005 571.6'382–dc22 2005046025 Preface Cell culture methodologies have become standard procedures in most plant laboratories. Full courses on the subject are taught as part of the curricula of several programs in biological and agronomical sciences. However, the apparent simplicity of cell culture technology should not lead to mistakenly considering it as trivial. It would be very difficult to understand modern plant biotechnology without in vitro cell cultures, and even today, the application of recombinant DNA technology to important crops, such as peppers, is hampered by the poor embryogenic or morphogenetic response of in vitro cultured tissues. This second edition of Plant Cell Culture Protocols follows a similar plot as its predecessor. It also pursues similar goals; that is, to provide an updated step-by-step guide to the most common and applicable techniques and methods for plant tissue and cell culture. A total of 30 chapters, divided into six sections, have been included. Topics selected cover from general methodologies, such as culture induction, growth and viability evaluation, and contamination control, to such highly specialized techniques as chloroplast transformation, passing through the laborious process of protoplast isolation and culture. Most of the protocols are currently used in the research programs of the authors, or represent important parts of business projects aimed at the generation of improved plant materials. Two appendixes have also been included; the first discusses common principles for the formulation of culture media and also lists the composition of the eight most commonly used media formulations. The second appendix compiles a list of useful internet sites for cell culture scientists. A total of more than 100 sites have been selected, based on the quality of the information offered in them, as well as on their user friend- liness. We anticipate that some these sites will be included among the reader’s favorites (if they aren’t already). We sincerely hope that readers will find this new edition of Plant Cell Culture Protocols, which resides in the highly useful Methods in Molecular Biology series, to be a major resource of information for their research projects; this has been its real purpose. We would like to thank the authors of each chapter for responding to our constant requests for the materials, despite their reckless work schedules. They made it possible for us to carry this job to its completion. v vi Preface Finally, we should express our profound gratitude to Professor John Walker for his trust in our experience to complete this project. We have certainly enjoyed the opportunity to interact with colleagues from all over the world. Victor M. Loyola-Varga Felipe Vázquez-Flota Contents Preface ..............................................................................................................v Contributors .....................................................................................................xi PART I. INTRODUCTION 1 An Introduction to Plant Cell Culture: Back to the Future Victor M. Loyola-Vargas and Felipe Vázquez-Flota.............................3 2 History of Plant Tissue Culture Trevor A. Thorpe...................................................................................9 PART II. CELL CULTURE AND PLANT REGENERATION: THE FUNDAMENTALS 3 Pathogen and Biological Contamination Management: The Road Ahead Alan C. Cassells and Barbara M. Doyle..............................................35 4 Growth Measurements: Estimation of Cell Division and Cell Expansion Gregorio Godoy-Hernández and Felipe A. Vázquez-Flota................51 5 Callus and Suspension Culture Induction, Maintenance, and Characterization Alejandrina Robledo-Paz, María Nélida Vázquez-Sánchez, Rosa María Adame-Alvarez, and Alba Estela Jofre-Garfias.........................................................59 6 Measurement of Cell Viability in In Vitro Cultures Lizbeth A. Castro-Concha, Rosa María Escobedo, and María de Lourdes Miranda-Ham.............................................71 7 Cryopreservation of Embryogenic Cell Suspensions by Encapsulation-Vitrification Qiaochun Wang and Avihai Perl........................................................77 8 Somatic Embryogenesis in Picea Suspension Cultures Claudio Stasolla..................................................................................87 9 Indirect Somatic Embryogenesis in Cassava for Genetic Modification Purposes Krit Raemakers, Isolde Pereira, Herma Koehorst van Putten, and Richard Visser........................................................................101 vii viii Contents 10 Direct Somatic Embryogenesis in Coffea canephora Francisco Quiroz-Figueroa, Miriam Monforte-González, Rosa M. Galaz-Ávalos, and Victor M. Loyola-Vargas..................111 PART III. PLANT PROPAGATION IN VITRO 11 A New Temporary Immersion Bioreactor System for Micropropagation Manuel L. Robert, José Luis Herrera-Herrera, Gastón Herrera-Herrera, Miguel Ángel Herrera-Alamillo, and Pedro Fuentes-Carrillo...........................................................121 12 Protocol to Achieve Photoautotrophic Coconut Plants Cultured In Vitro With Improved Performance Ex Vitro Gabriela Fuentes, Carlos Talavera, Yves Desjardins, and Jorge M. Santamaría..............................................................131 13 Use of Statistics in Plant Biotechnology Michael E. Compton.........................................................................145 14 An Efficient Method for the Micropropagation of Agave Species Manuel L. Robert, José Luis Herrera-Herrera, Eduardo Castillo, Gabriel Ojeda, and Miguel Angel Herrera-Alamillo....................165 15 Micropropagation of Endangered Plant Species Zhihua Liao, Min Chen, Xiaofen Sun, and Kexuan Tang..................179 16 Clonal Propagation of Softwoods Trevor A. Thorpe, Indra S. Harry, and Edward C. Yeung.................187 PART IV. APPLICATIONS FOR PLANT PROTOPLASTS 17 Isolation, Culture, and Plant Regeneration From Leaf Protoplasts of Passiflora Michael R. Davey, Paul Anthony, J. Brian Power, and Kenneth C. Lowe....................................................................201 18 Isolation, Culture, and Plant Regeneration From Echinacea purpurea Protoplasts Zeng-guang Pan, Chun-zhao Liu, Susan J. Murch, and Praveen K. Saxena.................................................................211 19 Production of Cybrids in Brassicaceae Species Maksym Vasylenko, Olga Ovcharenko, Yuri Gleba, and Nikolay Kuchuk.....................................................................219 20 Guard Cell Protoplasts: Isolation, Culture, and Regeneration of Plants Gary Tallman....................................................................................233 Contents ix 21 Production of Interspecific Hybrid Plants in Primula Juntaro Kato and Masahiro Mii.........................................................253 PART V. PROTOCOLS FOR GENOMIC MANIPULATION 22 Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation of Petunia Leaf Discs Ingrid M. van der Meer.....................................................................265 23 Transformation of Wheat Via Particle Bombardment Indra K. Vasil and Vilma Vasil..........................................................273 24 Chloroplast Transformation Xiao-Mei Lu, Wei-Bo Yin, and Zan-Min Hu.....................................285 25 The Biochemical Basis for the Resistance to Aluminum and Their Potential as Selection Markers César De los Santos-Briones and Teresa Hernández-Sotomayor.............305 26 Transformation of Maize Via Agrobacterium tumefaciens Using a Binary Co-Integrate Vector System Zuo-yu Zhao and Jerry Ranch...........................................................315 PART VI. ACCUMULATION OF METABOLITES IN PLANT CELLS 27 Capsaicin Accumulation in Capsicum spp. Suspension Cultures Neftalí Ochoa-Alejo..........................................................................327 28 Isolation and Purification of Ribosome-Inactivating Proteins Sang-Wook Park, Balakrishnan Prithiviraj, Ramarao Vepachedu, and Jorge M. Vivanco...............................................335 29 Catharanthus roseus Shoot Cultures for the Production of Monoterpenoid Indole Alkaloids Elizabeta Hernández-Domínguez, Freddy Campos-Tamayo, Mildred Carrillo-Pech, and Felipe Vázquez-Flota........................349 30 Methods for Regeneration and Transformation in Eschscholzia californica: A Model Plant to Investigate Alkaloid Biosynthesis Benjamin P. MacLeod and Peter J. Facchini.....................................357 Appendix A: The Components of the Culture Media................................... 369 Appendix B: Plant Biotechnology and Tissue Culture Resources on the Internet.............................................................. 379 Index ............................................................................................................385