PLANT BREEDING REVIEWS Volume 4 Plant Breeding Reviews is sponsored by: American Society for Horticultural Science Crop Science Society of America Society of American Foresters National Council of Commercial Plant Breeders The AVI Publishing Company Editorial Board, Volume 4 Fredrick A. Bliss Ronald J. Dinus John W. Dudley PLANT BREEDING REVIEWS Volume 4 edited by Jules Janick Purdue University avi AVI PUBLISHING COMPANY, INC. Westport, Connecticut Copyright 1986 by @ THE AVI PUBLISHING COMPANY, INC. 250 Post Road East P.O. Box 831 Westport, Connecticut 06881 All rights reserved. No part of this work covered by the copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means-graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, or information storage and retrieval systems- without written permission of the publisher. ISSN 0730-2207 ISBN 0-87055-528-6 Printed in the United States of America ABCDE 5432109876 Contents Contributors xi 1 Dedication: Henry M. Munger 1 Vegetable Breeder and Educator Martha A. Mutschler Text 1 Publications of Henry M. Munger 7 2 Pollen, Pistil, and Reproductive Function in Crop Plants 9 R. Bruce Knox, Elizabeth G. Williams, and Christian Dumas I. Introduction 9 11. Pollen 10 111. The Receptive Pistil 21 IV. Pollen-Pistil Interactions 34 V. Potential for Pollen Selection 65 VI. Conclusions 67 Literature Cited 68 3 Mobile Elements in Maize 81 Peter A. Peterson I. Introduction 81 11. Phenotypic Expression of Mobile-Element-Induced Variegation 85 111. Components and Molecular Structure of Mobile Elements 86 IV. Genetic Determination of Mobile Elements 94 V. Transposition 98 VI. Effects on Gene Expression 102 vi CONTENTS VII. Origins and Activation of Mobile Elements 104 VIII. Molecular Summary of Mobile Elements 106 IX. Mobile Elements, Evolution, and Crop Improvement 107 X. Concluding Comments 112 XI. Glossary 114 Literature Cited 116 Somaclonal Variation in Alfalfa 4 123 E. T. Bingham and T. J. McCoy I. Introduction 123 11. Variation among Regenerated Plants 125 111. Managing Somaclonal Variation 145 IV. Conclusions 148 Lit era t ure Cited 149 Cell Selection for Crop Improvement 5 153 David R. Duncan and Jack M. Widholm I. Introduction 153 11. Tissue Culture and Cell Selection 154 111. Successful Cell Selections 158 IV. Tissue Culture and Cell Selection: An Assessment 165 V. Conclusion 168 Literature Cited 169 6 Oil Palm Improvement via Tissue Culture 175 A. D. Krikorian and Robert P. Kann I. Introduction 176 11. Conventional Propagation and Improvement 177 111. In Vitro Approaches 180 IV. General Methodology 184 V. Conclusions and Prospects 193 Literature Cited 195 CONTENTS vii Breeding Soybeans for Drought Resistance 7 203 Oval Myers, Jr., John H. Yopp, and M. R. S. Krishnarnani I. Introduction 203 11. Morphological Responses to Drought Stress 205 111. Physiological Responses to Drought Stress 2 10 IV. Biochemical Responses to Drought Stress 214 V. Physical Responses to Drought Stress 219 VI. Germplasm Variability and Heritability 223 VII. Selection for Drought Resistance 225 VIII. Screening Systems for Drought Resistance 226 Literature Cited 232 8 Breeding Common Bean for Yield in Mixtures 245 John Harnblin and Maria Jose de 0. Zirnrnerrnann I. Introduction 246 11. Genetic Implications of Competition in Pure Stands 248 111. Yield of Beans in Mixture with Maize 250 IV. Yield of Beans in Relay Cropping with Maize 256 V. Yield of Beans in Mixtures and Relay Cropped with Maize 257 VI. Effect of Planting Beans before Maize in Mixtures 257 VII. Use of Both Pure Stands and Mixture Performance to Predict Bean Yields 259 VIII. Yield of Segregating Populations of Beans in Pure Stands and in Mixtures with Maize 262 IX. Effect of Beans on the Yield of Maize in Mixtures 264 X. Influence of Plant Habit and Seed Size on Yield of Beans in Mixtures with Maize 264 XI. Effect of Eliminating Low-Yielding Bean Cultivars in Either Pure Stands or Mixtures 265 XII. General Discussion of Results 265 XIII. Breeding Options for Beans That Are to Be Grown in Pure Stands and in Mixtures and/or Relay Cropping with Maize 266 XIV. Concluding Remarks 269 Literature Cited 2 70 ... CONTENTS Vlll 9 Inheritance of Tomato Fruit Quality Components 273 M. Allen Stevens I. Introduction 2 74 11. Fruit Solids 275 111. Acidity 286 IV. Carotenoids 289 V. Vitamins 293 VI. Inorganic Constituents 295 VII. Volatile Compounds 297 VIII. Flavor 298 IX. G1 ycoalkaloids 3 00 X. Amino Acids 301 XI. Pectic Enzymes 301 XII. Genetic Engineering 303 XIII. Conclusions 305 Literature Cited 306 10 Breeding Sweet Potatoes 313 Franklin W. Martin and Alfred Jones I. Introduction 313 11. Germplasm Resources 320 111. Reproductive Biology 323 IV. Genetics and Breeding 327 Literature Cited 340 11 Breeding Blight-Resistant Chestnuts 347 C. R. Burnham, P. A. Rutter, and D. W. French I. Introduction 348 11. Castanea Species 351 111. Pathology 355 IV. Inheritance 357 V. Biochemical Differences 362 VI. Breeding Approaches 363 VII. Sources of Stocks and Hybrids for a Backcross Program 3 76 VIII. Present Status of the American Chestnut 381 IX. Chinese Chestnut Cultivars for Nut Production 383 X. Breeding Techniques 385 XI. Research Needs 386 CONTENTS ix XII. Summary and Conclusions 387 Acknowledgments 389 Literature Cited 390 Subject Index 399 Cumulative Subject Index 401 Cumulative Contributor Index 407 Contributors E. T. BINGHAM. Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 C. R. BURNHAM. Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, Uni- versity of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108 CHRISTIAN DUMAS. Rennaissance Cellulaire et Amelioration des Plantes, Departement de Biologie Vegetale, Universite de Lyon, 1V il- leurbane, France DAVID R. DUNCAN. Department of Agronomy, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801 D. W. FRENCH. Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minne- sota, St. Paul, MN 55108 JOHN HAMBLIN. Department of Agriculture, Marine Terrace, Ger- aldton, Western Australia 6530 ALFRED JONES. U.S. Vegetable Laboratory, Southern Region, USDA/- ARS, Charleston, SC 29407 ROBERT P. KANN. Department of Biochemistry, Division of Biologi- cal Sciences, State University of Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794 R. BRUCE KNOX. Plant Cell Biology Research Centre, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia A. D. KRIKORIAN. Department of Biochemistry, Division of Biological Sciences, State University of Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794 M. R. S. KRISHNAMANI. Department of Botany, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901 FRANKLIN W. MARTIN. Tropical Agriculture Research Station, Southern Region, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Mayaguez, PR 00709 T. J. McCOY. USDA/ARS, College of Agriculture, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557 MARTHA A. MUTSCHLER. Department of Plant Breeding and Bi- ometry, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 OVAL MYERS, JR. Department of Plant and Soil Science, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901 PETER A. PETERSON. Agronomy Department, Iowa State Univer- sity, Ames, IA 50011 PHILIP A. RUTTER. Badgersett Research Farm, Canton, MN 55902 X