ELSEVIER OCEAN ENGINEERING BOOK SERIES VOLUME 3 PIPELINES AND RISERS > EXISTING PIPEUNE TO SHORE / EXPORT PIPELINE Yong Bai SERIES EDITORS R. BHATTACHARYYA & M.E. McCORMICK ELSEVIER OCEAN ENGINEERING BOOK SERIES VOLUME 3 PIPELINES AND RISERS Elsevier Seience Internet Homepage http://www.elsevier.n1 (Europe) http://www.elsevier.com (America) ’ http://www.elsevier.colip (Asia) Consult the Elsevier homepage for full catalogue information on all books, journals and electronic products and services. Elsevier Titles of Related Interest BJORHOVDE, COLSON & ZANDONMI OWENS Connections in Steel Structures 111. Steel in Construction (CD-ROM Proceedings with Printed ISBN: 008-042821-5 Abstracts Volume, 268 papers). ISBN: 008-042997-1 CHAN & TENG ICASS ‘99, Advances in Steel Structures SRIVASTAVA (2 Volume Set). Structural EngineeringW orld Wide 1998 (CD-ROM ISBN: 008-043015-5 Proceedings with Printed Abstracts Volume 702 papers). ISBN: 008-042845-2 DSDUSBSIN ‘9A9 - Stability and Ductility of Steel Structures. USAMI & ITOH ISBN: 008-043016-3 Stability and Ductility of Steel Structures. ISBN: 008-043320-0 FRANGOPOL, COROTIS & RACKWITZ Reliability and Optimization of Structural Systems. VASSALOS ISBN: 008-042826-6 Contemporary Ideas on Ship Stability. ISBN: 008-043652-8 FUKUMOTO Structural Stability Design. VUGTS ISBN: 008-042263-2 BOSS ‘97 Behaviour of Offshore Structures (3 Volume Set). ISBN: 008-042834-7 GODOY Thin-Walled Structures with Structural Imperfections: WATSON Analysis and Behavior. Practical Ship Design. ISBN: 008-042266-7 ISBN: 008-042999-8 GUEDES-SOARES YOUNG Advances in Safety and Reliability (3 Volume Set). Wind Generated Ocean Waves. ISBN: 008-042835-5 ISBN: 008-043317-0 MOAN & BERGE OHTSUBO & SUM1 13th Int Ship & Offshore Structures Congress Proceedings of the 14th International Ship and Offshore (Issc 1997). Structures Congress. 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Should you have a publishing proposal you wish to discuss, please contact, without obligation, the publisher responsible for Elsevier’s civil and structural engineering publishing programme: Ian Salusbury Senior Publishing Editor Elsevier Science Ltd The Boulevard, Langford Lane Phone: +44 1865 843425 Kidlington, Oxford Fax: +44 1865 843920 OX5 IGB, UK E.mai1: [email protected] Generdl enquiries, including placing orders, should be directed to Elsevier’s Regional Sales Offices - please access the Elsevier homepage for full contact details (homepage details at the top of this page). ELSEVIER OCEAN ENGINEERING BOOK SERIES VOLUME 3 PIPELINES AND RISERS YONG BAI Stavanger University College, N-409 1 Stavanger, Norway and American Bureau of Shipping, Houston, TX 77060, USA OCEAN ENGINEERING SERIES EDITORS R. Bhattacharyya US Naval Academy, Annapolis, MD, USA M.E. McCormick The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA ELSEVIER Amsterdam - London - New York - Oxford - Paris - Shannon - Tokyo EJSEVIER SCIENCE Ltd The Boulevard, Langford Lane Kidlington, Oxford OX5 IGB, UK 0 2001 Yong Bai All rights reserved. This work is ptuteckd under copyright of Yong Bai with assigned rights to Elsevier Science. The following terms and conditions apply to its use: Photocopying Single photocopies of single chapters may be made for penonal use as allowed by national copyight laws. Permission of the Publisher and payment of a fee is rcquired for all other photocopying, including multiple or systematic wpying. wpying for advertising or promotional purposes, resale, and all forms of document delivery. Speeial rates are available for educational institutions that wish to make photocopies for non-profit educational classroom use. Permissions may be sought directly fmm Elsevier Science Global Rights Deparlmenl, PO Box 800. 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First edition 2001 Second impression 2003 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data A catalog record from the Library of Congress has been applied for. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record from the British Library has been applied for, ISBN 0 08 043712 5 (hardcover) 8 The paper used in this publication meets the requirements of ANSUNIS0 239.48-1992 (Permanence of Paper). Printed in The Netherlands. V SERIES PREFACE In this day and age, humankind has come to the realization that the Earth's resources are limited. In the 19'h and 20thC enturies, these resources have been exploited to such an extent that their availability to future generations is now in question. In an attempt to reverse this march towards self-destruction, we have turned out attention to the oceans, realizing that these bodies of water are both sources for potable water, food and minerals and are relied upon for World commerce. In order to help engineers more knowledgeably and constructively exploit the oceans, the Elsevier Ocean Engineering Book Series has been created. The Elsevier Ocean Engineering Book Series gives experts in various areas of ocean technology the opportunity to relate to others their knowledge and expertise. In a continual process, we are assembling world- class technologists who have both the desire and the ability to write books. These individuals select the subjects for their books based on their educational backgrounds and professional experiences. The series differs from other ocean engineering book series in that the books are directed more towards technology than science, with a few exceptions. Those exceptions we judge to have immediate applications to many of the ocean technology fields. Our goal is to cover the broad areas of naval architecture, coastal engineering, ocean engineering acoustics, marine systems engineering, applied oceanography, ocean energy conversion, design of offshore structures, reliability of ocean structures and systems and many others. The books are written so that readers entering the topic fields can acquire a working level of expertise from their readings. We hope that the books in the series are well-received by the ocean engineering community. Ramesw ar Bhattacharyya Michael E. McCorrnick Series Editors vii FOREWORD This new book provides the reader with a scope and depth of detail related to the design of offshore pipelines and risers, probably not seen before in a textbook format. With the benefit of nearly 20 years of experience, Professor Yong Bai has been able to assimilate the essence of the applied mechanics aspects of offshore pipeline system design in a form of value to students and designers alike. The text is well supported by a considerable body of reference material to which Professor Yong Bai himself has made a substantial contribution over his career. I have been in the field of pipeline engineering for the best part of 25 years and in that time have seen the processes involved becoming better and better understood. This book further adds to that understanding. Marine pipelines for the transportation of oil and gas have become a safe and reliable part of the expanding infrastructure put in place for the development of the valuable resources below the world's seas and oceans. The design of these pipelines is a relatively young technology and involves a relatively small body of specialist engineers and researchers worldwide. In the early 1980's when Professor Yong Bai began his career in pipelines, the technology was very different than it is today, being adapted from other branches of hydrodynamics, mechanical and marine engineering using code definitions and safety factors proven in other applications but not specific to the complex hydrodynamic-structure-seabed interactions seen in the behaviour of what is outwardly a simple tubular lying on or slightly below the seabed. Those designs worked then and many of the systems installed, including major oil and gas trunklines installed in the hostile waters of the North Sea, remain in safe service today. What has happened in the intervening period is that pipeline design processes have matured and have been adapted and evolved to be fit for purpose for today's more cost effective pipelines; and will continue to evolve for future application in the inevitable move into deeper waters and more hostile environments. An aspect of the marine pipeline industry, rarely understood by those engineers working in land based design and construction, is the more critical need for a 'right first time' approach in light of the expense and complexity of the materials and the installation facilities involved, and the inability to simply 'go back and fix it' after the fact when your pipeline is sitting in water depths well beyond diver depth and only accessible by robotic systems. Money spent on good engineering up front is money well spent indeed and again a specific fit for purpose modem approach is central to the best in class engineering practice requisite for this right first time philosophy. Professor Yong Bai has made important contributions to this coming of age of our industry and the benefit of his work and knowledge is available to those who read and use this book. It is well recognised that the natural gas resources in the world's ocean are gaining increasing importance as an energy source to help fuel world economic growth in the established and emerging economies alike. Pipelines carry a special role in the development and production of gas reserves since, at this point in time, they provide one of the most reliable means for transportation given that fewer options are available than for the movement of hydrocarbon liquids. Add to this the growing need to provide major transportation infrastructure between gas producing regions and countries wishing to import gas, and future oil transmission systems, then the requirement for new offshore pipelines appears to be set for several years to come. Even today, plans for pipeline transportation infrastructure are in development for regions with more hostile environments and deeper waters than would have been thought