E I G H T H E D I T I O N P I P E L I N E RULES THUMB OF H A N D B O O K A Manual of Quick, Accurate Solutions to Everyday Pipeline Engineering Problems E. W. McAllister, Editor AMSTERDAM(cid:1)BOSTON(cid:1) HEIDELBERG(cid:1)LONDON NEWYORK(cid:1)OXFORD (cid:1)PARIS (cid:1)SANDIEGO SANFRANCISCO (cid:1) SINGAPORE (cid:1)SYDNEY(cid:1)TOKYO Gulf Professional Publishing isan imprint of Elsevier GulfProfessionalPublishingisan imprint ofElsevier. 225Wyman Street, Waltham, MA02451, USA The Boulevard, Langford Lane,Kidlington, Oxford OX51GB, UK Seventh edition 2009 Copyright (cid:1) 2014 Elsevier Inc.All rights reserved. Nopart of this publication may bereproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmittedin any form or by anymeans, electronic,mechanical,photocopying, recording, orotherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. 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ISBN: 978-0-12-387693-5 Forinformation on all GulfProfessionalPublishing publications Visit our Web siteat www.books.elsevier.com 1415 16 17 109 8 7 65 4 3 21 Printed in the United States of America 1: General Information BasicFormulas..........................................................................................2 Weightinpoundsofroundsteelshafting.............................................17 Mathematicsdareas..................................................................................3 Propertiesofshafting..............................................................................18 Mathematicsdsurfacesandvolumes......................................................4 Tapdrillsandclearancedrillsformachinescrews..............................19 Rulesofexponents....................................................................................5 Commonnails.........................................................................................20 Recommendeddrillsizesforself-tappingscrews...................................5 Drillsizesforpipetaps..........................................................................20 Determinepulleyspeed...........................................................................5 Carbonsteelecolorandapproximatetemperature..............................20 Calculatevolumeinhorizontalstoragetankwithellipsoidal Boltingdimensionsforflanges...............................................................21 orhemisphericalheads........................................................................6 FlangeBoltTighteningSequence.........................................................22 ASTMstandardreinforcingbars.............................................................7 Steelfittingdimensions..........................................................................23 Pressureratingforcarbonsteelflanges..................................................7 ANSIforgedsteelflanges.......................................................................24 Trenchshoringeminimumrequirements.............................................25 Cables and Ropes.....................................................8 Reunitingseparatedmercuryinthermometers....................................26 Estimatingstrengthofcable....................................................................8 Typicalwireresistance...........................................................................26 FindtheworkingstrengthofManilarope..............................................8 Howtocutodd-anglelongradiuselbows.............................................27 Howlargeshoulddrumsandsheavesbeforvarioustypes Howtoreadlanddescriptions...............................................................28 ofwirerope?.........................................................................................8 Samplesectionsshowingrectangularlanddescriptions,acreages, Findadvantagesofblockandtackle,takingintoaccountpullout anddistances......................................................................................29 friction...................................................................................................9 Sizeanairreceiverforenginestarting..................................................30 Safeloadsforwirerope............................................................................9 Dimensionsofhexnutsandhexjamnuts............................................31 Stressinguywires..................................................................................10 Colorcodesforlocatingundergroundutilities.....................................32 Strengthandweightofpopularwirerope............................................12 Approximateangleofreposeforslopingsidesofexcavations.............32 Measuringthediameterofwirerope....................................................12 Windchillchart......................................................................................33 Wirerope:fieldtroublesandtheircauses............................................12 Capacityofdrums...................................................................................14 Pipeline Pigging......................................................34 Sizingplates.............................................................................................34 Belts and Shafts......................................................14 Caliperpigging........................................................................................34 DeterminelengthofaV-belt.................................................................14 Cleaningafterconstruction....................................................................34 Calculatestressinshaftkey...................................................................15 Floodingforhydrotest............................................................................35 CalculateV-beltlengthusingsimpleequation.....................................15 Dewateringanddrying...........................................................................35 Estimatethehorsepowerthatcanbetransmittedbyashaft..............16 PigTrapDesign......................................................................................35 Estimatevolumeofon-shoreoilspill....................................................38 Miscellaneous..........................................................16 Estimatingspillvolumeonwater..........................................................40 Howtoestimatelengthofmaterialcontainedinroll..........................16 FluidPowerFormulas............................................................................41 Convenientantifreezechartforwinterizingcoolingsystems..............16 Howtodetermineglycolrequirementstobringasystem toadesiredtemperatureprotectionlevel........................................17 1 2 PipelineRulesofThumbHandbook Basic Formulas (cid:1) (cid:3) i 1. Rate of Return Formulas: Thefactor ¼ ð1þiÞn(cid:2)1 S ¼ Pð1þiÞn is referred to as the uniform series, which amounts to $1.00. a. Single payment compound amount (SPCA). The e. Capital recovery(CR): (1þi)n factor is referred to as the compound amount (cid:1) (cid:3) (cid:1) (cid:3) of$1.00. i ið1þiÞn b. Single payment present worth (SPPW): R ¼ S ¼ P : ð1þiÞn(cid:2)1 ð1þiÞn(cid:2)1 (cid:1) (cid:3) 1 P ¼ S : ð1þiÞn (cid:1) (cid:3) ið1þiÞn Thefactor ¼ The factor [1/(1þi)n] is referred to as the present worth ð1þiÞn(cid:2)1 of $1.00. is referred to as the uniform series that $1.00 will c. Uniform series compoundamount(USCA): purchase. (cid:1) (cid:3) ð1þiÞn(cid:2)1 f. Uniform seriespresent worth (USPW): S ¼ R (cid:1) (cid:3) i ð1þiÞn(cid:2)1 P ¼ R ið1þiÞn (cid:1) (cid:3) Thefactor ¼ ð1þiÞn(cid:2)1 The factor [((1þi)n(cid:2)1)/i(1þi)n] is referred to as the i present worth of $1.00 perperiod. is referred to as the compound amount of $1.00 per Where period. P¼A present sum of money, d. Sinking funddeposit(SFD): S¼Asum of money at a specified future date, (cid:1) (cid:3) R¼A uniform seriesofequal end-of-period payments, R ¼ S i : n¼Thenumberof interest periods, ð1þiÞn(cid:2)1 i¼Theinterest rate earned at theend of each period. GeneralInformation 3 Mathematicsdareas b c a A A h y0y1 y2 y3 yn-1yn 4 PipelineRulesofThumbHandbook Mathematicsdsurfaces and volumes h hI A l h A l h l h l A h r l n h 1 A l 2 b r c a l h l r b c GeneralInformation 5 Rules of exponents an(cid:3)am ¼ anþm; an=am ¼ an(cid:2)m; ðanÞm ¼ anm; ðabÞn ¼ anbn; ða=bÞn ¼ an=bn; (cid:4) (cid:5) an=m ¼ a1=m n: Recommended drill sizes for self-tapping screws Self-TappingScrewSize MajorThreadDiameter MinorThreadDiameter ForHeavyMetals ForLightMetals No. Threads/In OD Max Mean Min Max Mean Min DrillSize DrillSize 2 32 0.086 0.088 0.0850 0.082 0.064 0.0620 0.0060 49 0.0730 49 0.0730 4 24 0.112 0.114 0.1110 0.108 0.086 0.0840 0.082 41 0.0960 41 0.0960 5 20 0.125 0.130 0.1265 0.123 0.094 0.0920 0.090 36 0.1065 36 0.1065 6 20 0.138 0.139 0.1355 0.132 0.104 0.1015 0.099 32 0.1160 32 0.1160 7 19 0.151 0.154 0.1505 0.147 0.115 0.1120 0.109 30 0.1285 30 0.1285 8 18 0.164 0.166 0.1625 0.159 0.122 0.1190 0.116 28 0.1405 29 0.1360 10 16 0.190 0.189 0.1855 0.182 0.141 0.1380 0.135 20 0.1610 21 0.1590 12 14 0.216 0.215 0.2115 0.208 0.164 0.1605 0.157 13 0.1850 14 0.1820 1/4 14 0.250 0.246 0.2415 0.237 0.192 0.1885 0.185 3 0.2130 4 0.2090 5/16 12 0.313 0.315 0.3105 0.306 0.244 0.2400 0.236 I 0.2720 H 0.2660 3/8 12 0.375 0.380 0.3755 0.371 0.309 0.3040 0.299 R 0.3390 Q 0.3320 Determine pulley speed Speedof Driven Pulley Required: Diameter and speed of driving pulley and diameter of D ¼Diameter of driving pulley 24in, 1 drivenpulley are known. RPM ¼100 (driving pulley speed), 1 D1¼Diameterof drivingpulley 15in, d2 ¼ 24(cid:3)100 ¼ 4in; RPM ¼180 (drivingpulley speed), 600 1 d2¼Diameter ofdriven pulley 9in, RPM2¼Speed of drivenpulley¼600. RPM ¼Speedof driven pulley, 2 Diameter of Driving Pulley Required: RPM2 ¼ 15(cid:3)180 ¼ 300RPM: D1¼in, 9 d ¼36 in, 2 Diameterof Driven Pulley Required: RPM ¼150, 2 Diameterandspeedofdrivingpulleyandspeedofdriven RPM ¼600, 1 pulley are known. 36(cid:3)150 D ¼ ¼ 9in: 1 600 6 PipelineRulesofThumbHandbook Speedof Driving Pulley Required: D ¼4 in, A B 2 RPM ¼800, 2 D ¼26 in, 1 C 4(cid:3)800 RPM ¼ ¼ 123: 1 26 D Speedof Driven Pulley in CompoundDrive Required: RPM ¼260, A RPM ¼720 (required), D 260 ¼ 13=36required speed ratio. 720 1(cid:3)13 Resolve 13=26intotwofactors 2(cid:3)18: The values 12 and 13 in the numerator represent the diam- eterofdrivenpulleysBandD,andthevalues24and18inthe Multiply by trial numbers 12 and 1: denominator represent the diameter of the driving pulleys A and B. ð1(cid:3)12Þ(cid:3)ð13(cid:3)1Þ 12(cid:3)13 ¼ : ð2(cid:3)12Þ(cid:3)ð18(cid:3)1Þ 24(cid:3)18 Calculate volume in horizontal storage tank with ellipsoidal or hemispherical heads b L a D2 D H 1 Total volume¼volume in 2 headsþvolume in cylinder. For elliptical2:1 heads, b¼1/4D, K ¼½. 1 Total volume¼1/6mK D3þ¼ mD2L. 1 Example:Find totalvolume. K ¼2b/D, 1 L¼50ft, Z ¼H /D, e 1 D¼20ft, Z ¼H /D, c 1 H ¼6ft, 1 Partial volume¼1/6mK D3(cid:3)[f(Z )]þ1/4mD2L(cid:3)[f(Z )], b¼4ft. 1 e c (cid:6) (cid:7) FðZ Þ¼ a(cid:2)sina(cid:3)cosa horizontalcylinder Total volume¼1/6pK1D3þ¼pD2L c p coefficient; K1¼2b/D¼(2(cid:3)4)/20¼8/20¼0.4. (cid:6) (cid:7) (cid:6) (cid:7) H 2 2H Total volume¼0.1667(cid:3)3.1416(cid:3)0.4(cid:3)8000þ0.25 FðZeÞ ¼ D1 (cid:3) (cid:2)3þ D1 ellipsodialcoefficient; (cid:3)3.1416(cid:3) 400(cid:3)50¼17,383.86cuft. 0 1 B C B C B C a ¼ 2(cid:3)AtanBBvuffi ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiHffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi!ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiCCwhereaisinradius Bu C @t D A 2(cid:3)H1(cid:3) 2 (cid:2)H21 GeneralInformation 7 ASTM standard reinforcing bars Area WeightFactors Imperial Nom Area WeightFactors SoftMetricSize NomDiam(mm) (mm2) Size Diam(in) (in2) kg/m kg/ft kg/m kg/ft 10 9.5 71 0.560 0.171 3 0.375 0.11 0.376 1.234 13 12.7 129 0.994 0.303 4 0.500 0.20 0.668 2.192 16 15.9 199 1.552 0.473 5 0.625 0.31 1.043 3.422 19 19.1 284 2.235 0.681 6 0.750 0.44 1.502 4.928 22 22.2 387 3.042 0.927 7 0.875 0.60 2.044 6.706 25 25.4 510 3.973 1.211 8 1.000 0.79 2.670 8.760 29 28.7 645 5.060 1.542 9 1.128 1.00 3.400 11.155 32 32.3 819 6.404 1.952 10 1.270 1.27 4.303 14.117 36 35.8 1006 7.907 2.410 11 1.410 1.56 5.313 17.431 43 43.0 1452 11.384 3.470 14 1.693 2.25 7.650 25.098 57 57.3 2581 20.239 6.169 18 2.257 4.0 13.600 44.619 Pressure rating for carbon steel flanges FlangeClass Temperature((cid:4)F) 150 300 400 600 900 1500 2500 <100 285 740 990 1480 2220 3705 6170 200 260 675 900 1350 2025 3375 5625 300 230 655 875 1315 1970 3280 5470 8 PipelineRulesofThumbHandbook CABLES AND ROPES Estimating strength of cable 1 4 Rule Diameter ¼ ¼ 2 8 1. Changeline diameter to eighths 2. Square the numerator 3. Divide by the denominator 42 16 ¼ ¼ 2 4. Read theanswerin tons 8 8 Example. Estimate thestrength of½-in. steel cable: Theapproximate strength of ½-insteel cable is2 tons. Find the working strength of Manila rope The working strength of Manila rope is approximately Example. Find the maximum working pull for a 1½ in 900(cid:3)(diameter)2: Manila rope. W ¼ 900d2; W ¼ 900(cid:3)3(cid:3)3 ¼ 2025 lb: 2 2 wheredis expressedin inchesand W isgivenin pounds. Forropediametersgreaterthan2in,afactorlowerthan900 Example. Whatistheworkingstrengthofa3/ inManila shouldbeused.Inworkingwithheavierriggingitisadvisable 4 torefertoacceptedhandbookstofindsafeworkingstrengths. rope? The maximum recommended pull is 3 3 W ¼ 900(cid:3) (cid:3) ¼ 506lb: 4 4 How large should drums and sheaves be for various types of wire rope? TypeofWire 6319 6337 8319 5328 6325 1837 637 Rope Forbestwear 45 27 31 36 45 51 72 Goodpractice 30 18 21 24 30 34 42 Critical 16 14 14 16 16 18 28 The diameter of sheaves or drums should preferably fall Example. Whatsizeshouldthehoistingdrumonadrag- within the tablea given above for most efficientutilization of line be, if the wire rope is 6(cid:3)19 construction, 3/ in in 4 thewire rope. diameter? Fromthetable,goodpracticecallsfor30diameters,which in this instance would be 22½ in. Loads, speeds, bends, and serviceconditionswillalsoaffectthelifeofwirerope,soitis better to stay somewhere between the “good practice” and aConstruction Methods and Machinery, by F. H. Kellogg, Prentice-Hall, “best wear”factors in thetable. Inc.,1954.