ARCHIVAL INSIGHTS INTO THE EVOLUTION OF ECONOMICS PIERRE WERNER AND EUROPE The Family Archives Behind the Werner Report Elena Danescu Foreword by Jean-Claude Juncker and Preface by Harold James Archival Insights into the Evolution of Economics Series Editor Robert Leeson Stanford University Stanford, CA, USA This series provides unique insights into economics by providing archi- val evidence into the evolution of the subject. Each volume provides biographical information about key economists associated with the development of a key school, an overview of key controversies and gives unique insights provided by archival sources. More information about this series at http://www.palgrave.com/gp/series/14777 Elena Danescu Pierre Werner and Europe The Family Archives Behind the Werner Report Foreword by Jean-Claude Juncker, President of the European Commission Preface by Harold James, Princeton University Elena Danescu Luxembourg Centre for Contemporary and Digital History (C2DH) University of Luxembourg Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg Archival Insights into the Evolution of Economics ISBN 978-3-319-96294-8 ISBN 978-3-319-96295-5 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96295-5 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018951569 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2018 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Pierre Werner (29 December 1913–24 June 2002) Une oeuvre politique n’est jamais le produit de l’intelligence ou de la volonté d’un seul homme. Le chef politique doit être avant tout le catalyseur des énergies de ceux qui l’entourent et qui le secondent dans un grand dessein. Je crois à la grandeur du métier politique quand il est porté par la volonté d’unir les hommes. [A political achievement is never the result of the intelligence or desire of a single person. A political leader must above all serve as a catalyst for the energies of those around him, those who assist him in the pursuit of a major goal. I believe in the greatness of politics when it is underpinned by the desire to bring people together.] Pierre Werner, 1992 Acknowledgements This study would not have been possible without the help of many peo- ple, to whom I wish to express my gratitude—even if I realise that the few words which follow cannot do justice to the valuable support that I have received. I would firstly like to extend my sincere thanks to the Werner family, especially Marie-Anne Werner and Henri Werner, for opening up their father’s personal archives, for their kind permission to publish several of the documents unearthed from them and for their constant support throughout my research on Pierre Werner’s philosophy and achievements. My heartfelt gratitude also goes to European Commission President Jean-Claude Juncker and Professor Harold James (Princeton University), who kindly accepted to preface this volume and generously share their personal thoughts, ideas and recollections. I greatly benefited from discussions with the academic steering com- mittee of the ‘Pierre Werner and Europe’ research project (2011–2016), composed of Professors René Leboutte (University of Luxembourg), Ivo Maes (National Bank of Belgium and Université catholique de Louvain) and Sylvain Schirmann (University of Strasbourg and Sciences Po Strasbourg), and with the members of the ‘Architects of the Euro’ vii viii Acknowledgements research project (2013–2016), coordinated by Professors Ivo Maes and Kenneth Dyson (Cardiff University and British Academy). Significant insights also emerged during exchanges at a number of conferences and debates held by the European Society for the History of Economic Thought (ESHET), the University Association for Contemporary European Studies (UACES), the European Union Studies Association (EUSA), the Italian Association for the Study of Economic Thought (AISPE) and the Network for European Studies (NES), and also within Robert Triffin International and the Pierre Werner Foundation. I was privileged to receive much helpful advice and constructive criticism of my writings in their various stages of development from many other contacts, both academics and officials, especially Alain Alcouffe, Matthew Broad, Michel Camdessus, Armand Clesse, Philippe Duvieusart, Marie-Claude Esposito, Giovanni Farese, Luc Frieden, Christian Ghymers, Pierre Gramegna, Albert Hansen, Erna Hennicot- Schoepges, David Howarth, Harold James, Jean-Claude Juncker, Antoine Kasel, Koen Lenaerts, Astrid Lulling, Yves Mersch, Xu Mingqi, Guy de Muyser, Charles-Ferdinand Nothomb, Ion Popescu, Viviane Reding, Charles Ruppert, Jacques Santer, André Sapir, Hanspeter Scheller, Bernard Snoy et d’Oppuers, Blanche Sousi, René Steichen, Alfred Steinherr, Niels Thygesen, Jean-Claude Trichet, Sir Brian Unwin, Amy Verdun, Andreas Wilkens and Léon Zeches, as well as the late Josette Elvinger, André Heiderscheid, Edmond Israel, Raymond Kirsch, Jean-Claude Koeune, Philippe Maystadt, Jean Mischo, Michael Palmer and Hans Tietmeyer. I am also grateful to the publisher Palgrave Macmillan, particularly Rachel Sangster and Joseph Johnson, and to its anonymous academic peer reviewers. Finally, a special mention should go to all those who were involved in diverse capacities throughout my research process, including my collaborators and colleagues at the Centre Virtuel de la Connaissance sur l’Europe (CVCE), the Luxembourg Centre for Contemporary and Digital History (C2DH) and the University of Luxembourg, particu- larly Victoria Mouton, François Klein and Isabelle Vaillant, who shared their expert opinions with me, and Sarah Cooper, for contributing her linguistic expertise to the quality of this publication. Acknowledgements ix It goes without saying that I take full responsibility for the views and interpretations expressed in this volume. The usual disclaimers apply. Elena Danescu