Phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological studies of alkaloid and sesquiterpene lactone- containing medicinal plants Summary of PhD. Thesis Tivadar Kiss University of Szeged Department of Pharmacognosy Szeged 2017 University of Szeged Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Programme of Pharmacognosy Head: Prof. Judit Hohmann DSc. Department of Pharmacognosy Supervisors: Prof. Judit Hohmann DSc. Dezső Csupor PhD. Phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological studies of alkaloid and sesquiterpene lactone- containing medicinal plants Summary of PhD. Thesis Tivadar Kiss Final Exam Committee: Head: Prof. Imre Máthé DSc. Members: Prof. Antal Péter DSc., Ágnes Farkas PhD. Reviewer Commitee: Head: Prof. Piroska Révész DSc. Reviewers: István Ujváry PhD., László Kursinszki PhD. Members: László Lázár PhD., Zsolt Szakonyi PhD. Szeged 2017 1. INTRODUCTION The kingdoms of plants, animals and fungi are rich and important sources of natural products. For centuries, various diseases have been treated with living organisms in raw or processed form. In modern medicine, drugs and natural products are important raw materials for the pharmaceutical industry and serve as lead compounds in the research and development of medicines. Taking into consideration the high ratio of pharmacons of natural origin to synthetic compounds, it is indeed the New Golden Age of natural product discovery. Traditionally applied medicinal plants are of great importance. In case of effectiveness and safety, the authorisation often relies on long-term medicinal use. However, the pharmacovigilance data of medicinal herbs reveal a need for continuous re-evaluation. Till recently, the per os application of Symphytum officinale roots and Chelidonium majus were considered as safe. However, the application had to be revised, because of the pyrrolizidine alkaloid-content of S. officinale and the possible cardiac side effects of Chelidonium majus due to its hERG activity. Modern approaches of phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology might lead to new breakthroughs in drug research. The better understanding of traditional application and processing of medicinal herbs resulted in the discovery of novel mechanisms of action and new active constituents of these plants. The traditionally applied Aconitum species are good examples how new results can open new ways in the research of traditionally used plants. Although neither the exact chemistry of these drugs, nor the pharmacological mechanisms have been thoroughly clarified, aconite drugs have been used as medicinal herbs more than two thousand years. The chemical analysis of raw plant materials and processed drugs made it possible to identify their biological active compounds and their change during processing. The studies identified diterpene alkaloids as biological active compounds. The least toxic compounds are diterpene alkaloids esterified with long- 3 chain fatty acids at position C-8 and C-3. These lipo-alkaloids are minor compounds in unprocessed drugs, their amount is increased during traditional process method, while the amount of tri- and diester alkaloids is significantly decreasing. The identification of lipo-alkaloids as biologically active constituents triggered experiments to semisynthesize new compounds and investigate their pharmacological effects. Even though the well-known Aconitum species were removed from the Western Pharmacopoeias, natural products of aconite origin are promising as anti-inflammatory or antiarrhythmic pharmacons. In the recent years, medicinal plants are typically marketed as food supplements. Several products contain herbs that have not been extensively used before, and there are no pharmacological, toxicological and phytochemical data available to serve as basis for the assessment of their effectiveness, safety and quality. Plants that have not been consumed to a significant degree by humans in the European Union prior to 1997 are considered as novel food. One example for novel food (though unauthorised) is Ambrosia artemisiifolia, which has become quite popular as a medicinal plant in the recent years in Hungary. However, this plant has not been consumed or used as a medicinal herb before, hence its toxicological profile is unexplored and the risk related to its consumption are unknown. 2. AIMS OF THE STUDY In 2000, the research group of the Department of Pharmacognosy (University of Szeged) started a screening programme for isolation and identification of Ranunculaceae alkaloids in order to find new biologically active compounds and the rational explanations of the folk medicinal use of the toxic species. Later, the scope of the experiments was extended to the safety pharmacology, toxicology and chemistry of traditional and newly discovered medicinal plants. According to this comprehensive approach, the aim of the present work was the chemical, pharmacological and toxicological investigation of diterpene alkaloid-containing traditional medicinal plants and one, only recently applied 4 species, to reveal the dangers of their use and to identify their potential role in modern medicine. In order to achieve the aims, the main tasks were:  Review the literature of the Aconitum, Spiraea genera and Ambrosia artemisiifolia, from aspects of the chemistry and pharmacological properties of the plants.  Diterpene alkaloid extraction and identification from Aconitum napellus subsp. firmum.  Investigation of the activity of Ranunculaceae diterpene alkaloids and lipo- alkaloids on GIRK and hERG channels.  Evaluation of antiarrhythmic potential of Ranunculaceae diterpene alkaloids.  In vivo toxicological evaluation of diterpene alkaloids using bdelloid rotifer assays.  Extraction of Spiraea species with various alkaloid extraction methods for alkaloid-content screening, and investigation of the antibacterial and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity.  In vivo toxicological examination of common ragweed on rats. 3. MATERIALS AND METHODS Aconitum napellus subsp. firmum was collected in the Retezat Mountains (South Carpathians, Romania) in August 2007. Spiraea crenata and S. salicifolia were collected in Sepsibükszád (Romania) and Alsórákos (Hungary). S. nipponica, S. x vanhouttei and S. x billardii were collected in Botanical Garden of University of Szeged. S. media and S. chamaedryfolia were harvested in Daugavpils (Latvia). Ragweed puree was purchased online in 2015. The investigated diterpene alkaloids were isolated from investigated Aconitum species and other Ranunculaceae species previously studied by our group. The lipo-alkaloids were semisynthetised previously. 5 Diterpene alkaloids were isolated using multistep chromatographic methods [open column chromatography (CC), centrifugal planar chromatography (CPC), gel filtration chromatography (GFC), preparative layer chromatography (PLC) and thin layer chromatography (TLC)]. The alkaloid-content of fractions was monitored using SiO TLC, the detection were performed by spraying with 2 Dragendorff’s reagent and 5% aqueous NaNO solution. The isolated compounds 2 were identified by means of LC-MS and NMR spectroscopy. The inhibitory acitivity on GIRK and hERG potassium channels of diterpene alkaloids and lipo-alkaloids were measured on stable transfected HE239-GIRK (Kir3.1/3.4) and HEK293 cells using automated planar patch clamp technology. In hERG channel inhibitory assay amitriptyline and in GIRK channel inhibitory assay propafenone were used as positive controls. The toxicity of diterpene alkaloids were examined in vivo using bdelloid rotifer assays by evaluation of the animals viability parameters (toxicity and survival lifespan; body size index; mastax contraction frequency assay and CRC: cellular reduction capacity). Among investigated species only S. chamaedryfolia contained alkaloid. The alkaloid-distribution was localised by within secondary root by microscopy, using alkaloid-specific staining method. The fractions of S. chamaedryfolia were tested using nine bacteria strains [Streptococcus pneumoniae (ATCC 49619), S. agalactiae (ATCC 13813), S. pyogenes (ATCC 19613) Staphylococcus epidermidis (ATCC 12228), S. aureus (ATCC 29213), Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6633), Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC 700603), Moraxella catarrhalis (ATCC 25238), Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (ATCC 43300)]. The xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity of fractions was also tested using allopurinol as reference compound. The sesquiterpene lactone-content of ragweed puree was confirmed by means of TLC and LC-MS methods. Repeated-dose toxicity was tested in healthy, male Wistar rats. During 28 days long experiment control animals received plain cookie dough without ragweed, for further groups the ragweed puree was administered in doughs, in low dose (500 mg/kg b.w.) and high dose (1000 mg/kg 6 b.w.). The toxicity was evaluated by analysis of general clinical symptoms, blood serum parameters and the organ-to-body weight ratio. Pharmacological investigations were performed in cooperation with the Rytmion Ltd. (Szeged, Hungary), Department of Public Health and Department of Psychiatry (University of Szeged, Faculty of Medicine). 4. RESULTS 4.1. Alkaloids isolated from A. napellus subsp. firmum The dried and crushed plant material was extracted with 2% aqueous hydrochloric acid. After the pH was adjusted to alkaline with 5% aqueous NaOH solution, alkaloids were extracted by solvent-solvent partitioning using CHCl. The organic phase was 3 collected and evaporated. Six diterpene alkaloids [neoline (AF1), napelline (AF2), isotalatisidine (AF3), karakoline (AF4), senbusine A (AF5) and senbusine C (AF6)] were isolated from crude alkaloid-rich fraction using multistep chromatographic method (CC, CPC, GFC, PLC) (Fig 1). Figure 1. Isolation of alkaloids from A. napellus subsp. firmum 7 The isolated compounds were identified by means of NMR spectroscopy. The isolated compounds were confirmed as genuine constituents by LC-MS, furthermore two compounds [aconitine (AF7) and taurenine (AF8)] were identified. The compounds AF2-AF4 and AF6 have been reported for the first time of A. napellus subsp. firmum. Figure 2. The isolated and two identified compounds from A. napellus subsp. firmum 4.2. Activity on GIRK and hERG potassium channels Moderate inhibitory activity on GIRK an hERG channels was exerted only by aconitine. The effect on GIRK channels exerted by aconitine have been reported by our research group for the first time. These results suggest a more complex cardiac action of aconitine with a multiple ion channel effect as it was earlier suspected. Lipo-alkaloids possess remarkable inhibitory activity on both GIRK and hERG channels. The analysis of activity allowed to perfume structure-activity relationship. Significant difference between the activity of lipo-alkaloids, aconitine and free fatty acids indicates that the 14-BzA-part of the molecule is necessary for the ion channel inhibitory effect. Further structure-activity relationship was recognised concerning the saturation grade of the esterifying fatty acids. The unsaturation of the esterifying fatty acids is a crucial factor for GIRK inhibitory activity (Fig 3). 8