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All you need to do to access your web study guide on subsequent visits is sign in to www.HumanKinetics.com/PhysiologyOfSportAndExercise and follow the link! → Click the Need Help? button on the textbook’s website if you need assistance along the way. file:///Volumes/pubdev/Production%20-%20%20Print/E5000/E5100/E51…onversion/epub/9781450421102/OEBPS/9781450421096_epub_fm_r1.htm Page 1 of 1 Physiology of Sport and Exercise FiFtH EDition W. Larry Kenney, PhD Pennsylvania State University, University Park Jack H. Wilmore, PhD University of Texas, Austin David L. Costill, PhD Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana Human Kinetics Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Kenney, W. Larry. Physiology of sport and exercise / W. Larry Kenney, Jack H. Wilmore, David L. Costill. -- 5th ed. p. ; cm. Rev. ed. of: Physiology of sport and exercise / Jack H. Wilmore, David L. Costill, W. Larry Kenney. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-7360-9409-2 (print) ISBN-10: 0-7360-9409-1 (print) I. Wilmore, Jack H., 1938- II. Costill, David L. III. Wilmore, Jack H., 1938- Physiology of sport and exercise. IV. Title. [DNLM: 1. Exercise--physiology. 2. Sports--physiology. 3. Physical Endurance. 4. Physical Fitness. QT 260] 612’.044--dc23 2011035158 ISBN-10: 0-7360-9409-1 (print) ISBN-13: 978-0-7360-9409-2 (print) Copyright © 2012 by W. Larry Kenney, Jack H. Wilmore, and David L. Costill Copyright © 2008 by Jack H. Wilmore, David L. Costill, and W. Larry Kenney Copyright © 2004, 1999, 1994 by Jack H. Wilmore and David L. Costill All rights reserved. Except for use in a review, the reproduction or utilization of this work in any form or by any electronic, mechani- cal, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including xerography, photocopying, and recording, and in any information storage and retrieval system, is forbidden without the written permission of the publisher. Permission notices and credits for photos in this book can be found on page xvii. The web addresses cited in this text were current as of May 2011, unless otherwise noted. Acquisitions Editor: Amy N. Tocco; Developmental Editor: Katherine Maurer; Assistant Editor: Steven Calderwood; Copyeditor: Joyce Sexton; Indexer: Susan Danzi Hernandez; Permissions Manager: Dalene Reeder; Graphic Designer: Nancy Rasmus; Graphic Artists: Nancy Rasmus and Denise Lowry; Cover Designer: Keith Blomberg; Photographer (cover and title page): PennTrackXC.com, a MileSplit U.S. Affiliate; Cover Illustrator: Jennifer Gibas; Photo Asset Manager: Laura Fitch; Visual Production Assistant: Joyce Brumfield; Photo Production Manager: Jason Allen; Art Manager: Kelly Hendren; Associate Art Manager: Alan L. Wilborn; Art Style Development: Joanne Brummett; Illustrations: © Human Kinetics; Printer: Courier Companies, Inc. Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 The paper in this book was manufactured using responsible forestry methods. Human Kinetics Website: www.HumanKinetics.com United States: Human Kinetics, P.O. Box 5076, Champaign, IL 61825-5076 800-747-4457 e-mail: [email protected] Canada: Human Kinetics, 475 Devonshire Road Unit 100, Windsor, ON N8Y 2L5 800-465-7301 (in Canada only) e-mail: [email protected] Europe: Human Kinetics, 107 Bradford Road, Stanningley, Leeds LS28 6AT, United Kingdom +44 (0) 113 255 5665 e-mail: [email protected] Australia: Human Kinetics, 57A Price Avenue, Lower Mitcham, South Australia 5062 08 8372 0999 e-mail: [email protected] New Zealand: Human Kinetics, P.O. Box 80, Torrens Park, South Australia 5062 0800 222 062 e-mail: [email protected] E5149 First and foremost, to my wife, Patti, who takes care of all of the important things in our lives so that I can pursue academic endeavors such as research, teaching, and writing textbooks. To my grown-up children, Matthew, Alex, and Lauren, the three most important things in my life. It has been a joy watching you grow and achieve your own success in school, athletics, and life. Keep striving for new goals, continue to be good people who care about others, and stay happy along life’s journey. To my parents, who inspired and supported me and continue to serve as role models. And to all my graduate students, past and present, who challenge me and teach me new things every day. W. Larry Kenney i dedicate this book to those who have had the greatest impact on my life. To my loving wife, Dottie, and our three wonderful daughters, Wendy, Kristi, and Melissa, for patience, understanding, and love. To our sons-in-law, Craig, Brian, and Randall, for being good husbands, fathers, and friends. To our grandchildren, who are a constant source of joy and amazement. To Mom and Dad for their love, sacrifice, direction, and encouragement. To my former students, who have been my friends and inspiration. And to my Lord, Jesus Christ, who provides for every one of my needs. Jack H. Wilmore to my grandchildren, Renee and David, who have added a new dimension to my life. To my wife, Judy, who gave me two loving daughters, Jill and Holly. To my college swimming coach, Bob Bartels, who “rescued my soul” on more than one occasion, and showed me the joys of research and teaching. To my former students, who taught me more than I taught them—their subsequent successes have been the highlight of my career. David L. Costill Contents Preface ix Student and Instructor Resources xv Acknowledgments xvi Photo Credits xvii Introduction: An Introduction to Exercise and Sport Physiology 1 Focus of Exercise and Sport Physiology 3 Acute and Chronic Responses to Exercise 3 The Evolution of Exercise Physiology 3 Research: The Foundation for Understanding 14 P A rt I Exercising Muscle 1 Structure and Function of Exercising Muscle 27 Functional Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle 29 Skeletal Muscle and Exercise 37 2 Fuel for Exercise: Bioenergetics and Muscle Metabolism 49 Energy Substrates 50 Controlling the Rate of Energy Production 52 Storing Energy: High-Energy Phosphates 54 The Basic Energy Systems 55 Interaction Among the Energy Systems 64 The Oxidative Capacity of Muscle 64 3 Neural Control of Exercising Muscle 69 Structure and Function of the Nervous System 70 Central Nervous System 78 Peripheral Nervous System 80 Sensory-Motor Integration 83 4 Hormonal Control During Exercise 91 The Endocrine System 92 Hormones 93 Endocrine Glands and Their Hormones: An Overview 96 Hormonal Regulation of Metabolism During Exercise 100 Hormonal Regulation of Fluid and Electrolytes During Exercise 104 5 Energy Expenditure and Fatigue 113 Measuring Energy Expenditure 114 Energy Expenditure at Rest and During Exercise 120 Fatigue and Its Causes 128 iv P Art II Cardiovascular and respiratory Function 6 the Cardiovascular System and Its Control 139 Heart 140 Vascular System 152 Blood 157 7 the respiratory System and Its regulation 163 Pulmonary Ventilation 164 Pulmonary Volumes 166 Pulmonary Diffusion 167 Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in the Blood 172 Gas Exchange at the Muscles 175 Regulation of Pulmonary Ventilation 177 8 Cardiorespiratory responses to Acute Exercise 181 Cardiovascular Responses to Acute Exercise 182 Respiratory Responses to Acute Exercise 196 P Art III Exercise training 9 Principles of Exercise training 209 Terminology 210 General Principles of Training 212 Resistance Training Programs 214 Anaerobic and Aerobic Power Training Programs 220 10 Adaptations to resistance training 227 Resistance Training and Gains in Muscular Fitness 228 Mechanisms of Gains in Muscle Strength 228 Muscle Soreness and Cramps 237 Resistance Training for Special Populations 242 11 Adaptations to Aerobic and Anaerobic training 247 Adaptations to Aerobic Training 248 Adaptations to Anaerobic Training 272 Specificity of Training and Cross-Training 275 v Contents P Art IV Environmental Influences on Performance 12 Exercise in Hot and Cold Environments 283 Body Temperature Regulation 284 Physiological Responses to Exercise in the Heat 291 Health Risks During Exercise in the Heat 294 Acclimation to Exercise in the Heat 299 Exercise in the Cold 301 Physiological Responses to Exercise in the Cold 304 Health Risks During Exercise in the Cold 305 13 Exercise at Altitude 309 Environmental Conditions at Altitude 310 Physiological Responses to Acute Altitude Exposure 313 Exercise and Sport Performance at Altitude 317 Acclimation: Chronic Exposure to Altitude 319 Altitude: Optimizing Training and Performance 322 Health Risks of Acute Exposure to Altitude 325 P Art V Optimizing Performance in Sport 14 training for Sport 333 Optimizing Training: A Model 334 Overtraining 338 Tapering for Peak Performance 345 Detraining 346 15 Body Composition and Nutrition for Sport 355 Body Composition in Sport 356 Nutrition and Sport 367 16 Ergogenic Aids and Sport 395 Researching Ergogenic Aids 397 Pharmacological Agents 399 Hormonal Agents 405 Physiological Agents 411 Nutritional Agents 417 vi Contents P Art VI Age and Sex Considerations in Sport and Exercise 17 Children and Adolescents in Sport and Exercise 425 Growth, Development, and Maturation 426 Physiological Responses to Acute Exercise 430 Physiological Adaptations to Exercise Training 437 Motor Ability and Sport Performance 440 Special Issues 440 18 Aging in Sport and Exercise 447 Height, Weight, and Body Composition 449 Physiological Responses to Acute Exercise 452 Physiological Adaptations to Exercise Training 461 Sport Performance 463 Special Issues 465 19 Sex Differences in Sport and Exercise 471 Body Size and Composition 473 Physiological Responses to Acute Exercise 474 Physiological Adaptations to Exercise Training 480 Sport Performance 482 Special Issues 482 P Art VII Physical Activity for Health and Fitness 20 Prescription of Exercise for Health and Fitness 499 Health Benefits of Exercise: The Great Awakening 500 Medical Clearance 501 Exercise Prescription 508 Monitoring Exercise Intensity 510 Exercise Program 516 Exercise and Rehabilitation of People With Diseases 518 21 Cardiovascular Disease and Physical Activity 521 Forms of Cardiovascular Disease 523 Understanding the Disease Process 527 Determining Individual Risk 530 Reducing Risk Through Physical Activity 533 Risk of Heart Attack and Death During Exercise 538 Exercise Training and Rehabilitating Patients With Heart Disease 539 22 Obesity, Diabetes, and Physical Activity 545 Obesity 546 Diabetes 565 Glossary 573 References 591 Index 608 About the Authors 620 vii
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