CRC Series in Mathematical Models in Microbiology Editor-in-Chief Michael J. Bazin, Ph.D. Microbial Population Dynamics Editor Michael J. Bazin, Ph.D. Soil Microbiology: A Model of Decomposition and Nutrient Cycling Author O. L. Smith, Ph.D. Physiological Models in Microbiology Editors Michael J. Bazin, Ph.D. James I. Prosser, Ph.D. Physiological Models in Microbiology Volume I Editors Michael J. Bazin, Ph.D. James I. Prosser, Ph.D. Senior Lecturer Lecturer Department of Microbiology Department of Genetics and Microbiology King's College University of Aberdeen London, England Aberdeen, Scotland CRC Series in Mathematical Models in Microbiology Editor-in-Chief Michael J. Bazin, Ph.D. Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business First published 1988 by CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 Reissued 2018 by CRC Press © 1988 by CRC Press, Inc. 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Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and expla- nation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Physiological models in microbiology Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1. Micro-organisms—Physiology—Mathematical models. 2. Biological models. I. Bazin, Michael J. II. Prosser, James Ivor. QR84.P46 1988 576’ .11’0724 87-18330 ISBN 0-8493-5953-8 (set) ISBN 0-8493-5954-6 (v. 1) ISBN 0-8493-5955-4 (v. 2) A Library of Congress record exists under LC control number: 87018330 Publisher’s Note The publisher has gone to great lengths to ensure the quality of this reprint but points out that some imperfections in the original copies may be apparent. Disclaimer The publisher has made every effort to trace copyright holders and welcomes correspondence from those they have been unable to contact. ISBN 13: 978-1-315-89655-7 (hbk) ISBN 13: 978-1-351-07565-7 (ebk) Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com MATHEMATICAL MODELS IN MICROBIOLOGY M. J. Bazin, Editor-in-Chief This multivolume series will contain a selection of authoritative articles on the application of mathematical models to microbiology. Each volume will be devoted to a specialized area of microbiology and topics will be presented in sufficient detail to be of practical value to working scientists. A sincere attempt will be made to make the material useful for micro- biologists with only moderate mathematical training. Under each title a variety of modeling techniques will be included, and both purely scientific and applied aspects of the subject will be covered. The objectives of the series will be to introduce microbiologists familiar with the modeling approach to new models, methods of model construction, and analytical techniques, and to encourage those with limited mathematical backgrounds to incorporate modeling as an integral part of their research programs. PREFACE Volume I The multi-volume series on Mathematical Models in Microbiology presents the appli- cation of mathematical models to the study of microbial processes and interactions. Phys- iological Models in Microbiology consists of two volumes. Volume I presents models of basic growth processes and the effects of environmental factors while models of secondary processes, spore germination, chemotaxis, surface growth, and microbial death are covered in Volume II. Chapters 1 to 3 consider aspects of growth common to all microorganisms. The first presents a quantitative approach to the control and regulation of flux through metabolic pathways in which properties of the system may be derived from those of individual com- ponents. Chapter 2 describes new approaches to modeling microbial growth, particularly the application of thermodynamics, while Chapter 3 quantifies aspects of chemiosmosis and nutrient transport. In Chapters 4 to 6, the effects of environmental factors on physiological processes are described. Chapter 4 discusses the effect of temperature on microbial growth and use of models in predicting shelf-life of food. Growth of photosynthetic organisms is considered in Chapter 5 and in the final chapter the effect of pH on microbial growth is described, with particular reference to wastewater treatment. The articles illustrate both the predictive value of models and their potential in increasing our understanding of microbial processes and will hopefully be of interest to microbiologists in both pure and applied research in which a quantitative approach is required. THE EDITORS Michael J. Bazin, Ph.D., is a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Microbiology, King's College, University of London. Dr. Bazin trained as a teacher at St. Luke's College, Exeter, and taught in secondary schools in England and the United States. He received his Ph.D. in Zoology from the University of Minnesota in 1968 after which time he pursued a postdoctoral traineeship in biomathematics at the University of Michigan. Dr. Bazin has had wide research interests ranging from sexuality in blue-green algae to ethnic differences in skinfold thickness. His current major interests revolve around the application of mathematics to problems in biology and are directed chiefly towards theoretical biology and biotechnology. James I. Prosser, Ph.D., is a Lecturer in the Department of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland. Dr. Prosser received his B.Sc. degree in Microbiology from Queen Elizabeth College, University of London in 1972, and his Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, Department of Botany in 1975. After three further years in the latter Department, as a Natural Environment Research Council Postdoctoral Fellow and Senior Demonstrator, he took up his current post at the University of Aberdeen. Dr. Prosser's research interests fall into two main areas. The first is an investigation into the environmental factors affecting growth, activity, attachment, and inhibition of soil ni- trifying bacteria. The second is the relationship between growth, branching, and secondary metabolite production by filamentous fungi and actinomycetes. The link between these two areas is the application of a quantitative approach and the use of theoretical models in the study of microbiological processes. CONTRIBUTORS Volume I Arthur C. Anthonisen, Ph.D. June Olley, D.Sc, Ph.D. Consulting Engineer Senior Principal Research Scientist MONTECO CSIRO Montgomery, New York Tasmanian Food Research Unit Hobart, Tasmania, Australia H. Kacser, Ph.D. Department of Genetics T. B. S. Prakasam, Ph.D. University of Edinburgh Research and Development Laboratories Edinburgh, Scotland Metropolitan Sanitary District Cicero, Illinois Prasad S. Kodukula, Ph.D. Union Carbide Corporation Technical Center D. A. Ratkowsky, Ph.D. South Charleston, West Virginia Principal Research Scientist Division of Mathematics and Statistics Lee Yuan Kun, Ph.D. CSIRO Department of Microbiology Battery Point, Tasmania, Australia National University of Singapore Singapore, Republic of Singapore Dale Sanders, Ph.D. Department of Biology Y.-K. Lee, Ph.D. University of York Department of Microbiology York, England National University of Singapore Singapore, Republic of Singapore Teixeira de Mattos, Ph.D. Lecturer T. A. McMeekin, Ph.D. Laboratory of Microbiology Reader in Microbiology University of Amsterdam Department of Agricultural Science Amsterdam, The Netherlands University of Tasmania Hobart, Tasmania, Australia Karel van Dam, Ph.D. Marcel Mulder, Ph.D. Professor Department of Biochemistry Department of Biochemistry B.C.P. Jansen Institute B.C.P. Jansen Institute University of Amsterdam University of Amsterdam Amsterdam, The Netherlands Amsterdam, The Netherlands Hans V. Westerhoff, Ph.D. Visiting Scientist Molecular Biology Laboratory National Institutes of Health Bethesda, Maryland CONTRIBUTORS Volume II James D. Bryers, Ph.D. Gerald M. Lefebvre, Ph.D. Professor Professor Center for Biochemical Engineering Department of Physics Duke University Universite du Quebec a Trois-Rivieres Durham, North Carolina Trois-Rivieres, Quebec, Canada Antonio Casolari Gerald Rosen, Ph.D. Libero Docente M. R. Wehr Professor Department of Microbiology Department of Physics and Atmospheric Stazione Sperimentale Science Parma, Italy Drexel University Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Raymond Leblanc, Ph.D. Professor Paul R. Rutter, Ph.D. Department of Mathematics and Senior Chemist Computer Sciences Minerals Processing Branch Universite du Quebec a Trois-Rivieres British Petroleum Research Center Trois-Rivieres, Quebec, Canada Middlesex, England Brian Vincent, D.Sc, Ph.D. Reader in Physical Chemistry Department of Physical Chemistry University of Bristol Bristol, England TABLE OF CONTENTS Volume I Chapter 1 Regulation and Control of Metabolic Pathways 1 H. Kacser Chapter 2 A Thermodynamic View of Bacterial Growth 25 K. van Dam, M. M. Mulder, Teixeira de Mattos, and H. V. Westerhoff Chapter 3 Steady State Kinetic Analysis of Chemiosmotic Proton Circuits in Microorganisms 49 Dale Sanders Chapter 4 Temperature Effects on Bacterial Growth Rates 75 T. A. McMeekin, June Olley, and D. A. Ratkowsky Chapter 5 Population Growth Kinetics of Photosynthetic Microorganisms 91 Yuan-Kun Lee Chapter 6 Role of pH in Biological Waste Water Treatment Processes 113 Prasad S. Kodukula, T. B. S. Prakasan, and Arthur C. Anthonisen Index 137