PHYSIC Intern PHYSICS OF SOLAR PLANETARY ENVIRONMENTS Copyright e 1976 by the American Geophysical Union Library of Congress No. 76-29443 ISBN 8-87590-204-9 PHYSICOSF SOLARP LANETARY ENVIRONMENTS Proceedionftgs h e Internatiyomnpaols iSuomn S olar-TerrPehsytsriicasl JUNE7 -181,9 76 BOULDER,COLORADO VOLUME \I Editebdy D onalJd.W illiams PublisbhyeA dm ericGaeno physiUcnailo n SPONSORED BY AMERICAN GEOPHYSICAL UNION CO-SPONSORED BY i (cid:127) (cid:127) COMMITTEE ON SPACE RESEARCH SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON SOLAR TERRESTRIAL PHYSICS INTERNATIONAL UNION OF GEODESY AND GEOPHYSICS INTERNATIONAL ASTRONOMICAL UNION HOSTED BY NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION NATIONAL CENTER FOR ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO UNIVERSITY OF DENVER iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Pct(cid:127)g FORE(cid:127)ARO xi INTROOUCTION xiii INVYTED REVIE(cid:127) PAPERS AND INVITED PAPERS VOLUME I SESSION IS-I SOLAR-TERRESTRIAL SYSTEM-SOLAR CYCLE MANIFESTATIONS SOLARC YCLER EVIEW( GENERALA SPECTS) S,-I, Akasofu, University of Alaska PHENOMENOLOGI CAL UNDERSTANDING OF THE SOLAR CYCLE 34 Robert Howard, Hale Observatories SOLAR CYCLE MANI FESTATI ONS IN THE INTERPLANETARY MEDIUM 47 Herbert S, Bridge, Massachusetts Institute of Technology SOLAR CYCLE MANIFESTATIONS IN THE MAGNETOSPHERE-UPPER ATMOSPHERE SYSTEM 63 Bengt Hultqvist, Kiruna Geophysical Institute TS-I SOLAR DVNAMICS AND MODULATION OF SOLAR PHOTON AND PARTICLE FLUX MAGNETIC FIELDS IN THE SOLAR ATMOSPHERE 89 Jacques Pt. Beckets, Sacramento Peak Observatory THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CORONAL HOLES !!4 J. D. Bohlin, E. O. Hu!bert Center for Space Research, Naval Research Laboratory DEVELOPMENT OF SOLAR ACTIVE REGIONS 129 Zden&(cid:127)vke stka, AmericaSn cience& EngineeringI,n c. THE SOLAR FLARE PHENOMENON E. R. Priest, The University, St. Andrews, Scot!and ANALOGIES OF SOLAR FLARES AND HAGNETOSPHERIC STORMS 170 Tatsuzo Obayash|, University of Tokyo SOLAR FLARE X-RAY AND EUV EMISSION: A TERRESTRIAL VIEWPOINT 17.8 Richard F. Donnelly, NOAA, Space Environment Laboratory RADIO OBSERVATIONS OF CORONAL PHENOMENA AND SOLAR FLARES !93 S. F. Smerd, CSIRO, Austral|a SOLAR PARTICLE EMISSION 214 E. C. Roelof, Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Laboratory v Page IS-2 ENERGY TRANSFER PROCESSES IN NATURAL PLASMAS DIFFUSION PROCESSES IN MAGNETIZED PLASMAS 232 D. B. Melrose, The Australian National University LABORATOREYX PERIMENTS( PLASMAI NTRUSION INTO THE MAGNETICF IELD) I. M. Podgorny, Space Research Institute, Academy of Sciences, USSR INTERPRETATION OF LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS OF INTEREST TO SPACE PHYSICS 255 Lars P. Block, The Roya! Institute of Technology, Sweden TS-2 INTERPLANETARY MEDIUM-PROPAGATION OF THE SOLAR OUTPUT THROUGHOUTT HE SOLAR SYSTEM F'LOWO F MASS AND ENERGY IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM 270 W. I. Axford, Max-Planck-lnstitut f(cid:127)r Aeronomie M-REGION PHENOMENA L. F. Burlaga, Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA TRANSIENT PHENOMENA IN THE SOLAR ATMOSPHERE AND SOLAR WIND 286 J. T. Gosling, University of California, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory SOLAR WIND OBSERVATIONS THROUGHOUT THE SOLAR SYSTEM 304 Michae! D. Montgomery, Max-Planck-lnstitut f(cid:127)r Physik and Astrophysik PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF HELIOS PLASMA MEASUREMENTS H. Rosenbauer, H. Miggenrieder, M. Montgomery, R. Schwenn, Max-Planck Institute MARINER lO INTERPLANETARMY AGNETICF IELD R(cid:127)SULTS 332 K. W. Behannon, Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA THE INTERPLANETARY MEDIUM AT LARGE HELIOCENTRIC DISTANCES: PIONEERSlO AND ll* , Edwin J. Smith, Jet Propulsion Laboratory John H. Wolfe, Ames Research Center ENERGETIC PARTICLES THROUGHOUT SOLAR SYSTEH 346 G. Wibberenz, Institut f(cid:127)r Reine und Ange(cid:127)andte Kernphysik(cid:127) Universit(cid:127)t Kiel, FRG OUR QUANTITATIVE UNDERSTANDING OF THE CORONAL EXPANSION 366 Thomas E. Holzer, High Altitude Observatory(cid:127) NCAR Manuscript Not Available THE INTERNAL PLASMA STATE OF THE HIGH SPEED SOLAR WIND AT 1AU 413 W. C. Feldman, B. Abraham-Shrauner, J. R. Asbridge, S. J. Bame University of California, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory THE INFLUENCE OF CORONAL MAGNETIC FIELDS ON THE SOLAR WIND 428 G. W. Pneuman, High Altitude Observatory, NCAR LATITUDINAL VARIATIONS IN THE SOLAR WIND 443 S. T. Suess, NOAA, Space Environment Laboratory THE SOLAR WINDiWHAT NEXT? 459 Thomas Gold, Cornell University IS-3 PLASMA BOUNDARY LAYERS AND SHOCKS COLLISIONLESS SHOCKS 464 A. A. Galeev, Space Research Institute, Academy of Sciences, USSR PLASMAB OUNDARIESIN SPACE 491 Michael Schulz, The Aerospace Corporation HYDROMAGNETITCU RBULENCEA SSOCIATEDW ITH PLASMAD ISCONTINUITIES 505 Akira Hasegawa and Kinioki Mima, Bell Laboratories VOLUME I I TS-3 DYNAMICS OF THE EARTH'S MAGNETOSPHERE-IONOSPHERE-ATMOSPHSEYRSET EM A SUMMARYO F OBSERVATIONS OF THE EARTH'S BOW SHOCK 511 D. H. Fairfield, Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA RECONNEXION 526 C. T. Russell, University of California at Los Angeles MAGNETOPAUSAEN D BOUNDARYL AYER 541 BengtU . (cid:127). SonnerupD, artmouthC ollege THE MAGNETOTAIL:I TS GENERATIONA ND DISSIPATION 558 Edward W. Hones, Jr., University of California, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory FIELD AND PARTICLE OBSERVATIONS IN THE MAGNETOTAIL RELATED TO THE RECONNECTION PROCESS 572 A. Nishida, University of Tokyo ENERGYT RANSPORTA ND DIFFUSION 582 S. W. H. Cowley, Imperial College, London INTERPLANETARY MAGNETIC FIELDS AND MAGNETOSPHERIC PHENOMENA: DEPENDENCE OF POLAR CAP MAGNETIC FIELDS ON THE NORTHWARD COMPONENOTF THE IMF 608 Kiyoski Maezawa, University of Tokyo vii CONVECTION 617 M. Harel, R. A. Wolf, Rice University , MAGNETOSPHERIC INSTABILITIES Richard M. Thorn(cid:127), University of California at Los Angeles , THE MAGNETOSPHERE-IONOSPHERE SYSTEM V. Vasyliunas, Max-Planck-Institute THE DYNAMICS OF THE IONOSPHERE AND UPPER ATMOSPHERE 630 J. V..Evans, M.I.T. Lincoln Laboratory THE COLD PLASMA THROUGHOUT THE MAGNETOSPHERE 672 K. I. Gringauz, Space Research Institute, Academy of Sciences, USSR HOT PLASMAS IN THE EARTH'S MAGNETOSPHERE 685 L. A. Frank, The University of Iowa RING CURRENT LOSS MECHANISMS AND COMPOSITION AS INFERRED 701 FROM EQUATORIAL PITCH ANGLE DISTRIBUTIONS OBSERVED DURING A STORM RECOVERY PHASE Lawrence R. Lyons, NOAA, Space Environment Laboratory ION COMPOSITION 716 Theodore A. Fritz, NOAA, Space Environment Laboratory THE ACCELERATION OF CHARGED PARTICLES AT LOW ALTITUDES 730 David S. Evans, NOAA, Space Environment Laboratory SUBSTORM EFFECTS OBSERVED IN THE AURORAL PLASMA 7qo J. L. Burch, S. A. Fields, R. A. Heelis Marshall Space Flight Center, NASA ELECTROSTATIC TURBULENCE IN THE MAGNETOSPHERE 760 Donald A. Gurnett, The University of Iowa THE ROLE OF MANMADE VLF SIGNALS AND NOISE IN WAVE-PARTICLE INTERACTIONS IN THE MAGNETOSPHERE 772 C. G. Park, Stanford University HYDROMAGNETIC WAVES. 78(cid:127) L. J. Lanzerotti, Bell Laboratories IS-4 ORIGIN OF MAGNETIC FIELDS THROUGHOUTT HE SOLAR SVSTEM LARGE-SCALE PLASMA PROCESSES IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM 7(cid:127)8 K. Schindler, Ruhr-Universit(cid:127)t BochumF,A G THE MAGNETIC FIELDS OF PLANETS 812 E. N. Parker, University of Chicago *ManuscripNt ot Available viii Page TS-4 DYNAMICS OF PLANETARY MAGNETOSPHERE-IONOSPHERES YSTEMS JUPITER'S DISTANT ENVIRONMENT 836 M. G. Kivelson, University of California at Los Angeles THE INNER MAGNETOSPHERE OF JUPITER W. Fillius, University of California at San Diego MARS-PLASMAE NVIRONMENT 854 O. L. Vaisberg, Space Research Institute, USSR THE MAGNETOSPHEREO F MARS 872 Sh. Sh. Dolginov, Academy of Science, USSR INTERACTION OF THE SOLAR WIND WITH VENUS 889 R. E. Hartle, Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA ION FLUX PARAMETERS IN THE SOLAR WIND - VENUS INTERACTION REGIONA CCORDINGT O VENERA-9A ND VENERA-10 DATA 904 O. L. Vaisberg, S. (cid:127). Romanov, V. N. Stairnov, I. P. Karpinsky, B. I. Khazanov, B. V. Polenov, A. V. Bogdanov and N.M. Antonov Space Research Institute, USSR PLASMA OBSERVATIONS NEAR VENUS ONBOARD THE VENERA 9 AND 10 SATELLITES BY MEANSO F WIDE-ANGLE PLASMAD ETECTORS 918 K. I. Gringauz, V. V. Bezrukikh, T. K. Breus, T. Gombosi, A. P. Remozov, M. I. Verigin and G. I. Volkov Space Research Institute, USSR MAGNETICF IELD MEASUREMENATRSO UNDV ENUS* Sh. Sh. Dolginov, Ye. G. Yeroshenko, L. N. Zhugov, B. V. Busin, and V. A. Sharova, Academy of Sciences, USSR THE MAGNETOSPHERE OF MERCURY 933 N. F. Ness, Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA IS-5 SOLAR TERRESTRIAL SYSTEM: LONG TERM VARIATIONS HISTORY OF SOLAR-TERRESTRIAL RELATIONS AS DEDUCED FROM SPACECRAFATN D GEOMAGNETDICA TA: SOLARM REGIONS 947 J. M. Wilcox, Stanford University THE SUN SINCE THE BRONZEA GE 958 J. Eddy, High Altitude Observatory, NCAR GEOMAGNETICSE CULARV ARIATIONS AS INDICATED BY ARCHEOMAGNETICA ND PALEOMAGNETICS TUDIES Edwin E. Larson, University of Colorado , SOLAR WIND IN THE PAST Johannes Geiss, Universitat Bern Manuscript Not Available Page LONG-TERM ASPECTS OF MAGNETOSPHERIC VARIABILITY 973 G. L. Sis½oe, University of CAlifornia at Los Angeles TS-5 EFFECTS OF SOLAR TERRESTRIAL DYNAMICS ON MAN'S IMMEDIATE ENVIRONMENT CAUSE-EFFECT INFERENCES IN GEOPHYSICAL STATISTICAL STUDIES 1005 C. O. Hines, University of Toronto EVIDENCE OF SUN-WEATHER RELATIONS 1012 L. Svalgaard, Stanford University SOLAR-WEATHESRT UDIES--PHYSICALM EASUREMENTS* George C. Reid, NOAA SPACECRAFT CHARGING PROBLEMS 1024 Alan Rosen, TRW Systems Group Manuscript Not Available FOREWARD The International Symposium on Solar-Terrestrial Physics held in Boulder, Colorado on June 7-18, 1976, was an attempt to critically look at energy, momentum, and mass transfer processes throughout the solar system as well as an attempt to bring together for a two-week period active researchers through- out most aspects of solar system physics. The meeting was sponsored by the American Geophysical Union and co-sponsored by the IUGG/IAGA, COSPARa nd SCOSTEP. The National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration, the National Center for Atmospheric Research, the University of Colorado and the University of Denver hosted the meeting. The meeting was attended by 428 registrants representing 22 countries. A list o.f registrants, as well as the final program of invited speakers are enclosed for reference purposes. The invited speakers did an excellent job both in preparing their talks and in promptly submitting their manuscripts so that the Proceedings could be published in a timely manner. I wish to thank the Program Committee, listed below, for their help in planning the program, and in particular Drs. A. J. Hundhausen, G. Newkirk, J. G. Roederer, G. Speiser and N. F. Ness for the extra efforts they contri- buted to the success of this meeting. I further wish to thank the Organizing Committee, listed below, and in particular Dr. H. Sauer for the extraordinary contribution he made in guaranteeing a successful meeting through its excellent organization and attention to the needs of the registrants. Aiding Dr. Sauer in this latter effort were Ms. N. Hayes and P. Yotka. These proceedings contain all available invited presentations. Since these papers have been read only for grammatical errors and obvious mistakes, the publisher and editor take no responsibility for the content of any indivi (cid:127)- dual paper. In several instances, significant rewriting was necessary to try to convey clearly the intent of the author. However, this was held to a mini- mum in order that the flavor of the author's style of expression remained. I would like to thank Drs. D. S. Evans, M. Dryer, H. Sauer and Mr. A. G. Jean for assisting in reading these manuscripts. PROGRAM COMMITTEE Co-C ha i rmen: D. J. Williams J. G. Roederer P.M. Banks N.F. Ness G.L. S iscoe F. V. Coroniti G. Newkirk T.W. Speiser R. W. Filius T. Obayashi V.A. Troitskaya A. T. Hundhausen H. Rishbeth T.W. Speiser S. M. Krimigis W.O. Roberts J.M. Wilcox E. R. Mustel G. Rostoker J.P. Wild xi