5 STEPS TO A 5™ A Perfect Plan for the Perfect Score on the Advanced Placement Exams 500 AP Physics B&C Questions to know by test day Craig Freudenrich and Albert de Richemond The perfect complement to our core prep books, these questions are similar to the topics, format, and degree of difficulty of those on the AP exam. Each answer comes with a comprehensive explanation. 978-0-07-178072-8 • $14.00 AP Physics Mobile Apps With content from McGraw-Hill Education’s bestselling 5 Steps to a 5 series, exam prep has gone mobile. Available in several AP subject areas and on many different platforms, including the Apple iOS devices, Android (including the Kindle Fire and Nook), BlackBerry, and Netbooks. 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BIBLCIOOGNRTAEPNHTYS Acknowledgments, x About the Authors, xi Introduction: The Five-Step Program, xii Set Up Your Study Program STEP 1 1 How to Approach Your AP Physics Course, 3 Ignore Your Grade, 4 Don’t Bang Your Head Against a Brick Wall, 4 Work with Other People, 4 Ask Questions When Appropriate, 5 Keep an Even Temper, 5 Don’t Cram, 5 Never Forget, Physics Is “Phun,” 5 2 What You Need to Know About the AP Physics B Exam, 7 Background Information, 7 Some Frequently Asked Questions About the AP Physics B Exam, 8 3 How to Plan Your Time, 15 What Should I Study?, 15 Calendar for Each Plan, 18 Determine Your Test Readiness STEP 2 4 Fundamentals Quizzes, 23 Mechanics Quiz, 23 Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics Quiz, 24 Electricity and Magnetism Quiz, 25 Waves, Optics, and Atomic and Nuclear Physics Quiz, 26 Answers to Mechanics Quiz, 27 Answers to Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics Quiz, 29 Answers to Electricity and Magnetism Quiz, 30 Answers to Waves, Optics, and Atomic and Nuclear Physics Quiz, 31 What Do I Know, and What Don’t I Know?, 32 5 Take a Diagnostic Test, 33 Diagnostic Test, 34 Answers and Explanations, 39 Interpretation: How Ready Are You?, 42 Develop Strategies for Success STEP 3 6 Memorizing Equations in the Shower, 45 Can You Ace This Quiz?, 45 So, How Did You Do?, 46 Equations Are Crucial, 46 What About the Free-Response Section?, 46 ❮ v vi ❯ Contents Treat Equations like Vocabulary, 47 Answer Key to Practice Quiz, 50 7 How to Approach Each Question Type, 51 How to Approach the Multiple-Choice Section, 52 How to Approach the Free-Response Section, 59 Lab Questions, 62 8 Extra Drill on Difficult but Frequently Tested Topics, 67 Tension, 68 The Answers, 69 Electric and Magnetic Fields, 70 The Answers, 71 Inclined Planes, 73 The Answers, 74 Motion Graphs, 76 The Answers, 77 Simple Circuits, 79 The Answers, 80 Review the Knowledge You Need to Score High STEP 4 9 A Bit About Vectors, 85 Scalars, 85 Vector Basics, 86 Graphic Representation of Vectors, 86 Vector Components, 87 Adding Vectors, 87 Practice Problems, 89 Solutions to Practice Problems, 90 10 Free-Body Diagrams and Equilibrium, 91 What Is a Free-Body Diagram?, 92 Equilibrium, 93 Normal Force, 94 Tension, 95 Friction, 97 Inclined Planes, 100 Torque, 101 Practice Problems, 103 Solutions to Practice Problems, 104 Rapid Review, 105 11 Kinematics, 106 Velocity, Acceleration, and Displacement, 107 Fundamental Kinematics Equations, 108 Kinematics Problem-Solving, 108 Free Fall, 110 Projectile Motion, 112 Motion Graphs, 113 Practice Problems, 116 Solutions to Practice Problems, 117 Rapid Review, 118 Contents ❮ vii 12 Newton’s Second Law, F = ma, 119 net The Four-Step Problem-Solving Process, 120 Only Net Force Equals ma, 120 F on Inclines, 121 net F for a Pulley, 123 net Newton’s Third Law, 126 Practice Problems, 127 Solutions to Practice Problems, 128 Rapid Review, 129 13 Momentum, 130 Momentum and Impulse, 131 Conservation of Momentum, 132 Elastic and Inelastic Collisions, 133 Two-Dimensional Collisions, 133 Practice Problems, 135 Solutions to Practice Problems, 136 Rapid Review, 136 14 Energy Conservation, 137 Kinetic Energy and the Work–Energy Theorem, 138 Potential Energy, 140 Conservation of Energy: Problem-Solving Approach, 140 Springs, 142 Power, 143 Practice Problems, 144 Solutions to Practice Problems, 145 Rapid Review, 146 15 Gravitation and Circular Motion, 147 Velocity and Acceleration in Circular Motion, 148 Centripetal Acceleration, 148 Mass on a String, 149 Car on a Curve, 150 Newton’s Law of Gravitation, 151 Practice Problems, 153 Solutions to Practice Problems, 154 Rapid Review, 155 16 Simple Harmonic Motion, 156 Amplitude, Period, and Frequency, 157 Vibrating Mass on a Spring, 158 Simple Pendulums, 159 Practice Problems, 161 Solutions to Practice Problems, 162 Rapid Review, 163 17 Thermodynamics, 164 Heat, Temperature, and Power, 165 Thermal Expansion, 167 Ideal Gas Law, 168 Kinetic Theory of Gases, 169 First Law of Thermodynamics, 170 viii ❯ Contents PV Diagrams, 171 Heat Engines and the Second Law of Thermodynamics, 175 Entropy, 176 Practice Problems, 177 Solutions to Practice Problems, 178 Rapid Review, 179 18 Fluid Mechanics, 180 Pressure and Density, 181 Pressure in a Static Fluid Column, 182 Buoyancy and Archimedes’ Principle, 184 Pascal’s Principle, 185 Flowing Fluids, 186 Practice Problems, 189 Solutions to Practice Problems, 190 Rapid Review, 191 19 Electrostatics, 192 Electric Charge, 193 Electric Fields, 194 Force of an Electric Field, 195 Electric Potential, 196 Special Geometries for Electrostatics, 199 Practice Problems, 204 Solutions to Practice Problems, 205 Rapid Review, 206 20 Circuits, 207 Current, 208 Resistance and Ohm’s Law, 208 Resistors in Series and in Parallel, 210 The V-I-R Chart, 212 Kirchoff’s Laws, 214 Circuits from an Experimental Point of View, 217 RC Circuits: Steady-State Behavior, 219 Practice Problems, 220 Solutions to Practice Problems, 221 Rapid Review, 223 21 Magnetism, 224 Magnetic Fields, 225 Long, Straight, Current-Carrying Wires, 227 Moving Charged Particles, 228 Mass Spectrometry: More Charges Moving Through Magnetic Fields, 231 Induced EMF, 233 Practice Problems, 237 Solutions to Practice Problems, 238 Rapid Review, 239 22 Waves, 240 Transverse and Longitudinal Waves, 241 Interference, 243 Standing Waves, 245 Doppler Effect, 247