Physical Science c. with Earth Science n s, I e ni a p m o C Hill w- a Gr c M e h T of n o si Consultant vi di Hill, a Douglas Fisher, Ph.D. w- a Gr c M / e o c n e Gl © ht g pyri o C About the Consultant Douglas Fisher,Ph.D.,is a Professor in the Department of Teacher Education at San Diego State University.He is the recipient of an International Reading Association Celebrate Literacy Award as well as a Christa McAuliffe award for Excellence in Teacher Education.He has published numerous articles on reading and literacy,differentiated instruction,and curriculum design as well as books,such as Improving Adolescent Literacy: Strategies at Work and Responsive Curriculum Design in Secondary Schools: Meeting the Diverse Needs of Students.He has taught a variety of courses in SDSU’s teacher-credentialing program as well as graduate-level courses on English language development and literacy. He also has taught classes in English,writing,and literacy development to secondary school students. c. n s, I e ni a p m o C Hill w- a Gr c M e h T of n o si vi di a Hill, w- a Gr c M Copyright ©by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Permission is granted to reproduce the material / e contained herein on the condition that such material be reproduced only for classroom use; be provided to students, o c teachers, and families without charge; and be used solely in conjunction with Physical Science with Earth Science. en Any other reproduction, for use or sale, is prohibited without prior written permission of the publisher. Gl © Send all inquiries to: ght Glencoe/McGraw-Hill pyri 8787 Orion Place Co Columbus, Ohio 43240-4027 ISBN 0-07-874899-2 Printed in the United States of America 4 5 6 7 8 9 024 11 10 09 08 Note-Taking Tips ........................................ v 7-3............................................................. 76 Wrap-Up................................................. 80 Using Your Science Notebook ............... vi Chapter 8 The Solar System Chapter 1 The Nature of Science Chapter Preview..................................... 81 Chapter Preview....................................... 1 8-1............................................................. 82 1-1............................................................... 2 8-2............................................................. 85 1-2............................................................... 5 8-3............................................................. 88 1-3............................................................... 8 8-4............................................................. 91 Wrap-Up................................................. 12 Wrap-Up................................................. 94 Chapter 2 Science, Technology, Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter and Society Chapter Preview..................................... 95 Chapter Preview..................................... 13 9-1............................................................. 96 2-1............................................................. 14 9-2............................................................. 99 2-2............................................................. 17 9-3........................................................... 102 2-3............................................................. 20 9-4........................................................... 105 Wrap-Up................................................. 24 Wrap-Up............................................... 108 Chapter 3 Motion, Acceleration, Chapter 10 Waves and Forces Chapter Preview................................... 109 Chapter Preview..................................... 25 10-1........................................................ 110 3-1............................................................. 26 10-2........................................................ 113 3-2............................................................. 29 10-3........................................................ 116 3-3............................................................. 32 Wrap-Up............................................... 120 nc. Wrap-Up................................................. 36 es, I Chapter 11 Sound and Light ni Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion pa Chapter Preview................................... 121 m Chapter Preview..................................... 37 o 11-1........................................................ 122 C Hill 4-1............................................................. 38 11-2........................................................ 125 w- 4-2............................................................. 41 a 11-3........................................................ 128 Gr 4-3............................................................. 44 Mc 11-4........................................................ 131 he Wrap-Up................................................. 48 Wrap-Up............................................... 134 T on of Chapter 5 Energy Chapter 12 Earth’s Internal Processes si Chapter Preview..................................... 49 vi Chapter Preview................................... 135 a di 5-1............................................................. 50 12-1........................................................ 136 Hill, 5-2............................................................. 53 12-2........................................................ 139 Graw- Wrap-Up................................................. 56 12-3........................................................ 142 c M 12-4........................................................ 145 / Chapter 6 Work and Machines e co Chapter Preview..................................... 57 Wrap-Up............................................... 148 n e Gl 6-1............................................................. 58 © Chapter 13 Electricity ht 6-2............................................................. 61 Chapter Preview................................... 149 g pyri 6-3............................................................. 64 13-1........................................................ 150 Co Wrap-Up................................................. 68 13-2........................................................ 153 13-3........................................................ 156 Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System Wrap-Up............................................... 160 Chapter Preview..................................... 69 7-1............................................................. 70 7-2............................................................. 73 Physical Science with Earth Science iii Chapter 14 Magnetism Chapter 21 Earth’s Changing Surface Chapter Preview................................... 161 Chapter Preview................................... 245 14-1........................................................ 162 21-1........................................................ 246 14-2........................................................ 165 21-2........................................................ 249 14-3........................................................ 168 21-3........................................................ 252 Wrap-Up............................................... 172 21-4........................................................ 255 Wrap-Up............................................... 258 Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation Chapter Preview................................... 173 Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds 15-1........................................................ 174 Chapter Preview................................... 259 15-2........................................................ 177 22-1........................................................ 260 15-3........................................................ 180 22-2........................................................ 263 Wrap-Up............................................... 184 22-3........................................................ 266 Wrap-Up............................................... 270 Chapter 16 Energy Sources Chapter Preview................................... 185 Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions 16-1........................................................ 186 Chapter Preview................................... 271 16-2........................................................ 189 23-1........................................................ 272 16-3........................................................ 192 23-2........................................................ 275 Wrap-Up............................................... 196 23-3........................................................ 278 23-4........................................................ 281 Chapter 17 Weather and Climate Wrap-Up............................................... 284 Chapter Preview................................... 197 17-1........................................................ 198 Chapter 24 Solutions, Acids, and Bases 17-2........................................................ 201 Chapter Preview................................... 285 c. 17-3........................................................ 204 24-1........................................................ 286 n 17-4........................................................ 207 24-2........................................................ 289 es, I ni Wrap-Up............................................... 210 24-3........................................................ 292 pa m 24-4........................................................ 295 Co Chapter 18 Classification of Matter Wrap-Up............................................... 298 Hill Chapter Preview................................... 211 w- a 18-1........................................................ 212 Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes cGr M 18-2........................................................ 215 Chapter Preview................................... 299 e h T Wrap-Up............................................... 218 25-1........................................................ 300 of 25-2........................................................ 303 on Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and 25-3........................................................ 306 divisi Chapter Pthreev iPeewr.i.o..d...i.c.. ..T..a...b..l.e............... 219 2W5r-a4p..-.U...p................................................................................................. 330129 Hill, a w- 19-1........................................................ 220 a Gr 19-2........................................................ 223 Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies Mc / 19-3........................................................ 226 Chapter Preview................................... 313 e o c Wrap-Up............................................... 230 26-1........................................................ 314 en Gl 26-2........................................................ 317 © Chapter 20 Earth Materials 23-3........................................................ 320 ht g Chapter Preview................................... 231 23-4........................................................ 323 pyri o 20-1........................................................ 232 C Wrap-Up............................................... 326 20-2........................................................ 235 20-3........................................................ 238 20-4........................................................ 241 Wrap-Up............................................... 244 iv Physical Science with Earth Science Note-Taking Tips Your notes are a reminder of what you learned in class. Taking good notes can help you succeed in science. These tips will help you take better notes. • Be an active listener. Listen for important concepts. Pay attention to words, examples, and/or diagrams your teacher emphasizes. • Write your notes as clearly and concisely as possible. The following symbols and abbreviations may be helpful in your note-taking. Word or Symbol or Word or Symbol or Phrase Abbreviation Phrase Abbreviation for example e.g. and + such as i.e. approximately (cid:2) with w/ therefore (cid:2) without w/o versus vs • Use a symbol such as a star (★) or an asterisk (*) to emphasis important concepts. Place a question mark (?) next to anything that you do not understand. • Ask questions and participate in class discussion. c. n s, I • Draw and label pictures or diagrams to help clarify a concept. e ni a p m o C Hill w- Note-Taking Don’ts a Gr c M e h T of on • Don’t write every word. Concentrate on the main ideas and concepts. si vi di a • Don’t use someone else’s notes—they may not make sense. Hill, w- • Don’t doodle. It distracts you from listening actively. a Gr c M • Don’t lose focus or you will become lost in your note-taking. / e o c n e Gl © ht g pyri o C Physical Science with Earth Science v Using Your Science Notebook This note-taking guide is designed to Name Date help you succeed in learning science Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table content. Each chapter includes: Before you read the chapter,respond to these statements. 1.Write an Aifyou agree with the statement. 2.Write a Difyou disagree with the statement. Before You Properties ofAtoms and Language-Based Activities Read the Periodic Table •An atom is the smallest unit ofan element that still Activities cover the content has all the properties ofthe element. •An atom is made up ofa positively charged nucleus in your science book including and negatively charged electrons. •Qthuea erlkesc tarroen sso. tiny that they orbit the nucleus with vocabulary, writing, note-taking, •Isotopes ofan element only differ in their number ofneutrons. and problem solving. •An element’s chemical and physical properties may be predicted by its location on the periodic table. Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. WriteS caie fnewce sJeonCutorennnasctlersu ctet ltlihneg F wohldaat byloe ua sk ndoiTrwec ahteAbdoi uabnntt i atehdttkoem fibe seco.ganitnirbnoptieniog a flobufteythieati os w crghwnanihpnt he Gar.fnatrut iony imydogoue aur/ weK laaeoWldsruseiLolnad ngCd .l yhiak ankaaeccrdncch ouiterr vroaseetce:tw: taofmr egoeau ifnnr,otamcF ceolrmoroprr;liicsdhlo,asae t Sttaoci nti,hereenacche Acaccdooimlenlafmmoprsumeni:acictt iaooVt nefoa:llc ttooa gmbeatuhkeel rak,nsrhoyrwin nGk orl ogivsesary adapt:to change to fit new conditions; compensate:to make up for to change in order to make suitable component:part ofa machine or system adjacent:near,close,or adjoining compound:made up ofindividual parts; adjust:to arrange the parts ofsomething made oftwo or more separate parts Science Journal to make it work correctly or elements Properties ofAtoms and the Periodic Table 219 adult:fully developed;grown concentrate:to bring or come close Write about what affect:to bring about a change in together in one place you knSNeaocmtiewo n .2Masses of Atoms (continued) Date aangtsdgahiilrmsaoestgigi lmiayasr :tiiuletaysa:re bcmdooe battmjowtee pcemrateisaran ilkos, teorsw nusco icoit hnuno vactaohtrsieleo vstrnieawns nogisd rea omro grrtaavrel, cccooolcnnnihgtsdahatuanctc,ntgt:sit:on:tugthno neoo d tvtar, eaccornth r st oaiemmnrl egisetcit natergtnie,ce eiortsgyfpyte oscuuiacclhhlyi na ngso hteat, anies, Inc. apparent:appearing to be but not or meeting mp necessarily so;seeming;readily seen, contract:to draw together;shrink in size o These aWcrtiivtiintoiIng ef opua sngAde thhFFcisLL IeitsRnSfoEEiolt,,rv pmopp..api 53t eit83oys75ni.eosu•••M RLSo haedtobmewehlel cmtehaaibercenb hCcro ahatnrahktb-ora1ogmt2n ec-’ssa1a 2onrpb fdrootcnhtao’esrn bpasot,aornnmte-ic1uilc4ter snob.unyms s,kbaeentrdc ih sei nl6eg.cC tearaorbcnohsn .a-1to4m . Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. caabbccccaaovhhpeodveaosgtapdnaepneo viribimareerdspvlagmittoa:bfid:iepa:obiisablcteerihilr(e:tnscoealantnoy,:eohe,h nlots :os::in;drc: aounhreio agnbr amngeobatteburl no) eayrdeaoavie s yt nb si tedutic alt cehol hty sooype thlttiuic hua nmo nuatodhsoebsg ogtnsfoeaer s; fdg imd t tuofcsantahieihisvhrlcdniegraaemeceiasvancstnarstt arse aegiohl oo n il sooepnusofnt;l fdarfsrp raofoe sg ietss ortcyhdedp tmreosi iir ncitasrpenaekgs gset bm sioretroe;aocnrtnmaegtt ieiean,vrtbgesho deu;rt ddddccccccoooroyeeeeeeovanconrncffriiaesnaifallvrtnnveist:lrdotensueieee:uottiroee::a:nrnehvtame,: t:e:eacttt i ooraorortoeetct;ereosl tonr ldbgptyh: nqe topbeereic:rauun itreattahnraoamoe gacl;toalg l rpitroipwcbnnr metgeim aiaeggrniureruitr ree ttnsemhttssioc h ; eeeofeole eercs eqeu rooin etsvu xtpoomrmtns eie hdf s tio wn ieydteofnorercaserou onneidnhnrbcmec ekietaton eib af flfwgoa ylaot r e ethstrmevlho ,lce e upthonoroertcgws meueestirhce,ae tlro w-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill C letters or numerals,used to send detect:to perceive,discover,or uncover a aabnodu tm wCopyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.ahkyaeot ccc uohCyuaorlrOdco oN nfailnuNl dintEh f’taChreeteT e ma.cgiI geTth lotie froeWtahpherne irSeuCclselshlueens i-anmne3mrxg7 tec m ip anttmohln taoac.eaorrlasTki iemlzgneha esdgeyp a nuehfoi tprorpna. ewea: yrb Cbftooooulu-ur i3crlmtt5 a g(cid:2)1 bl2tmcr0h(cid:2)4ya0uae nlN koacdeftaafestalt ichtutvuhhepeel e a a aAratb’bismvouo ennfuera dartfr oaig(cid:2)m1c7rne0a (cid:2)6c, 0tnaheysot.eoo. feumEtl hexifcmiepn umlaedatnba iatnunsh sCn lh adhoodyVealfwoenarrc e ino yneoAo efarucnsdcatabadVuneoldmcamo afrieysscyybsoma g bGueuwosl;sl(rl vooaoef rabsrsr )c scdtyooad ip eseurD t niyhn ethcecev elfaoepr mnll eoy hsopseumol npteo sny. PobthLyuseeica atl sStrcceiennorcei rnweithg E arth Science 329 Copyright © Glencoe/McGr higher on standardized tests. Properties ofAtoms and the Periodic Table 225 vi Physical Science with Earth Science Name Date Section 3The Periodic Table (continued) Chapter Wrap-Up The Atom and the Analyzehowelectron dot diagramsshow similarities between This brings the information together Periodic Table elements within a group. I found this information for you. Revisiting what you thought on page . FLSE, p. 594 FLRE, p. 341 at the beginning of the chapter provides another opportunity for you to discuss Regions on the Classifythe regions ofthe periodic table as metals,nonmetals,or what you have learned. Periodic Table metalloids. I found this information •Shade the regions on the blank periodic table. on page . •Label each region and write its characteristics. FLSE, p. 595 FLRE, p. 342 Note-Taking Based on chStePmYhirNsteartTy h cHaunEteds iSp cIheCZyes aEicoo sn ebfIradTf snegfd e eWrwonrcal iwtrletph iaiaTt htvp ytawoerieaucg’ vonrne a pol- ehoa sCsrrhnutgoeoewdma ifnl-rngout mtmhai mtezh kreeae plianertnrrioii osngdeFs,ih c osi potta .bbrhueletmw.rteolenaiuntgehs, Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. NPtNthoaehw 12rmt..a eteobWWh laerr t piib ttyeePeo leaaou nweP Dh .rrAaoiCrvftitpoefhym eioyirereoopue taPua idd eredai esssrtg ahi yroog ieeo rdfceucoe irheAwc a p tfwipTrtoTheti atmev htrbiaA,h ostletuh eh atbsesi nnt aosakdntlt aesaetmmwebmoeerunesstt n .Ctwto .h htaahate sypneo.tued harA v efW tRleeerara arYdnpoeduD- Uaantped complete •An atom is the smallest unit ofan element that still AFLSE, p. 579 has all the properties ofthe element. FLRE, p. 328 •An atom is made up ofa positively charged nucleus AFLSE, p. 579 and negatively charged electrons. FLRE, p. 327 •Quarks are so tiny that they orbit the nucleus with DFLSE, p. 579 228 Properties ofAtoms and the Periodic Table the electrons. FLRE, p. 328 •Isotopes ofan element only differ in their number AFLSE, p. 586 ofneutrons. FLRE, p. 334 •An element’s chemical and physical properties may AFLSE, p. 589 be predicted by its location on the periodic table. FLRE, p. 338 e McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. SNoeIna fc mopFFtOuaLiLenogr deRSng EE tah3,,ni sEpp iTipplznhe..if eon35mr38 gmP78e ea––tn35trhit38oieso89n.d ic TCcaoobmmlpepl ea(tcrioneng tM itnheuene MVdd)eeelnnened vde’ilsae egearvralmy .peBriootdhic tTaboldeDa tyoa t(theMa ot soefletoyd)ay by RUAalseeenSca vdtcRSSRRRLrh Uenittoeeeeeiuupeseolvv-v Mddertdciiik eweeecyyah awwwt oaleMrtydlvbhco o rtdtekoetnehhuhAarl usaeeri diest lt.s RehSyt iS oc ntf2 ecteihhhnIfoin. loe CaeofZa iPnrhtp mbhCimcpreotEolaeelerhen appporNw ets trepicya eoeooorIkeonrtsrtnef riudkTpRae bt yv otisosaer eooteno tsvusouchvskTsi Adeaf ieioegi eowby nfesfnew.tnuhcl .enmeaa ll rSatudmttth ehr doa ritinyeoeeshmems nt f adewcscptsd .e hsh oei lainaea anrnlscr dnpdyaghhtistds on oe.o,sts usRrwhtfeg.rhwticr tserFathe eei pocreopp:hlhh ndeecsva.1raha,p.ibtaa eoiiAtlpnndeeettdg.riole,c rmipp i.lwtdlasuaet sbstnctel roter ainnC.ftyyssio .itsnohh3ts r..o euTfee hp etr ch opiatnekogrnsisosl sd,y inioceseu tu ahtstbrao slvene s,w haCopyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.t h you have learned and prepare T can be divided into regions. on of 230 Properties ofAtoms and the Periodicf Toabrle your chapter tests. si vi di a Hill, w- a Copyright © Glencoe/McGr Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. ToIhn f eopua PAngedet rotihFFomisLLd i RnSiacfEEon ,,rTd mppa ..at b35thil39oee92n. Sweaerciqtheu lteehvneec lme.atxhiemeunme rnguym lbevere losfienl ethcter oenlesc tthroant ccalonu bde d cioangtraaimne adn idn tAo vaanraielytazyne Gdo a frrn avedpims hsueiuacmml Oobmrreggaraa rcnnizoiiezzn eetirrnessnf ohtr.emlpa ytiooun Properties ofAtoms and the Periodic Table 227 Physical Science with Earth Science vii Name Date The Nature of Science Before You Read Before you read the chapter, respond to these statements. 1.Write an A if you agree with the statement. 2.Write a D if you disagree with the statement. Before You The Nature of Science Read • A scientific theory will always be true. • A scientific experiment is valid as long as you don’t vary more than two factors. • By choosing an appropriate unit of measurement, you can avoid working with large-digit numbers and with many decimal places. • Any type of graph is appropriate for displaying any type of information. Construct the Foldable as directed at the beginning of this chapter. c. n s, I e Science Journal ni a p m Co List possible reasons that scientists study space. Hill w- a Gr c M e h T of n o si vi di a Hill, w- a Gr c M / e o c n e Gl © ht g pyri o C TThhee NNaattuurree ooff SScciieennccee 11 NNaammee DDaattee The Nature of Science Section 1 The Methods of Science Skim the headings and bold words in this section. Write four steps scientists might take to solve a problem. Review Vocabulary Define investigation to show its scientific meaning. investigation New Vocabulary Read the definitions below, then write the key term on the blank in the left column. variable whose value changes as a result of changes in other vari- ables standard used to compare the results of the experiment nc. s, I e ni a factor that can cause a change in the results of an experiment a p m o C the application of science to help people Hill w- a a factor in an experiment that does not change cGr M e h represents an idea, event, or object to help people observe or of T n test it o si vi di the variable you change to see how it affects another variable Hill, a w- occurs when a scientist’s expectations change how the results Gra c M are viewed / e o c n e Academic Gl © Vocabulary Use a dictionary to define survey. ht g pyri survey Co 2 The Nature of Science