PHYSICAL METALLURGY VOLUME II FIFTH EDITION This page intentionally left blank PHYSICAL METALLURGY VOLUME II FIFTH EDITION EDITED BY DAVID E. LAUGHLIN ALCOA Professor of Physical Metallurgy Materials Science and Engineering Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh, PA, USA KAZUHIRO HONO Magnetic Materials Unit National Institute for Materials Science Tsukuba-city Ibaraki, Japan AMSTERDAM(cid:129)WALTHAM(cid:129)HEIDELBERG(cid:129)LONDON(cid:129)NEWYORK OXFORD(cid:129)PARIS(cid:129)SANDIEGO(cid:129)SANFRANCISCO(cid:129)SYDNEY(cid:129)TOKYO Elsevier Radarweg29,POBox211,1000AEAmsterdam,Netherlands TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UK 225WymanStreet,Waltham,MA02451,USA Fifthedition (cid:1)2014ElsevierB.V.Allrightsreserved. Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystemortransmittedinanyformorby anymeanselectronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingorotherwisewithoutthepriorwrittenpermission ofthepublisher. 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BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationData AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress VolumeIIISBN:978-0-444-59597-3 SETISBN:978-0-444-53770-6 ForinformationonallElsevierpublications visitourwebsiteatwww.store.elsevier.com PrintedandboundintheUK CONTENTS List ofContributors toVolume II vii Prefaceto the Fifth Edition ix Prefaceto the Fourth Edition xi Prefaceto the Third Edition xv Prefaceto the First andSecondEditions xvii Aboutthe Editors xix Volume I 1 Crystal Structures of Metallic Elements and Compounds 1 WalterSteurer 2 Electron Theory of ComplexMetallicAlloys 103 U.Mizutani,M.Inukai,H.Sato,andE.S.Zijlstra 3 Thermodynamics and Phase Diagrams 203 ArthurD.Pelton 4 MetallicGlasses 305 A.L.Greer 5 Diffusion inMetalsand Alloys 387 ZoltanBaloghandGuidoSchmitz 6 Defectsin Metals 561 NUMAKURAHiroshi 7 Solidification 639 WilliamJ.BoettingerandDilipK.Banerjee 8 Diffusional Phase Transformations in the Solid State 851 W.A.SoffaandDavidE.Laughlin 9 Phase Transformations: Nondiffusive 1021 H.K.D.H.BhadeshiaandC.M.Wayman v vi Contents Volume II 10 Microstructure ofMetals and Alloys 1073 G.SpanosandW.T.Reynolds 11 Orientation Mapping 1113 AnthonyD.RollettandKatayunBarmak 12 Transmission Electron Microscopy for PhysicalMetallurgists 1143 HamishL.Fraser,DavidW.McCombandRobertE.A.Williams 13 X-ray and NeutronScattering 1227 GernotKostorz 14 Structure, Composition and Energy ofSolideSolid Interfaces 1317 JamesM.Howe 15 Atom-Probe FieldIon Microscopy 1453 K.HonoandS.S.Babu 16 Dislocations 1591 DavidRodneyandJoëlBonneville 17 Plastic Deformation ofMetalsand Alloys 1681 N.HansenandC.Y.Barlow 18 Fatigue of Metals 1765 PedroPeraltaandCampbellLaird 19 Magnetic Properties ofMetals and Alloys 1881 MichaelE.McHenryandDavidE.Laughlin Volume III 20 PhysicalMetallurgy ofLight Alloys 2009 Jian-FengNie 21 PhysicalMetallurgy ofSteels 2157 H.K.D.H.Bhadeshia 22 PhysicalMetallurgy ofthe Nickel-Based Superalloys 2215 R.C.ReedandC.M.F.Rae 23 Recovery and Recrystallization: Phenomena,Physics,Models, Simulation 2291 DierkRaabe 24 Porous Metals 2399 RussellGoodallandAndreasMortensen 25 Hydrogen inMetals 2597 R.KirchheimandA.Pundt 26 PhysicalMetallurgy ofNanocrystallineMetals 2707 GerhardWilde 27 Computational Metallurgy 2807 Long-QingChenandYijiaGu Index 2837 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME II S.S. Babu Gernot Kostorz The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, ETH Zurich, Department of Physics, Auguste- USA Piccard-Hof 1, Zurich, Switzerland C.Y. Barlow Campbell Laird Institute for Manufacturing, University of Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cambridge, Cambridge, UK University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA Katayun Barmak David E. Laughlin Columbia University, New York, NY, USA Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Joël Bonneville Département de Physique et Mécanique des David W. McComb Matériaux,InstitutP’,UniversitédePoitiers,CNRS Center for Electron Microscopy and Analysis UPR 3346, France (CEMAS), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The OhioStateUniversity, Columbus, Hamish L. Fraser OH, USA Center for Electron Microscopy and Analysis (CEMAS), Department of Materials Science and Michael E. McHenry Engineering, TheOhioState University, Columbus, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, OH, USA Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA N. Hansen Pedro Peralta DanisheChinese Center for Nanometals, Section School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and for Materials Science and Advanced Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA Characterization,TechnicalUniversityofDenmark, W.T. Reynolds Roskilde, Denmark Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA K. Hono David Rodney National Institute of Materials Science, Tsukuba, InstitutLumièreMatière,UniversitéLyon1,CNRS Japan UMR 5306, France James M. Howe Anthony D. Rollett Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA PA, USA vii viii List of Contributors to Volume II G. Spanos Robert E.A. Williams The Minerals, Metals, and Materials Society, Center for Electron Microscopy and Analysis Warrendale, PA, USA (CEMAS), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The OhioState University, Columbus, OH, USA PREFACE TO THE FIFTH EDITION ThesethreevolumesrepresentthefiftheditionofPhysicalMetallurgy,aprestigiousandfamousfamily formerlyeditedbyRobertCahn(UniversityofCambridge)andPeterHaasen(UniversitätGöttingen). PhysicalMetallurgywasfirstpublishedasasinglevolumein1965.Seetheprefacetothefourthedition forahistoryofthisseries. Itisanauthoritative referencetool, providing acompleteknowledgesetin PhysicalMetallurgy,thelargestdisciplineinthefieldsofMaterialsScienceandEngineering.Thisseries describesandexplainsmostaspectsofphysicalmetallurgyacrossthefullbreadthandinconsiderable depth.Eacharticlehasbeeneitherrewrittenbynewauthors,orthoroughlyrevisedandexpanded,either by the 4th edition authors aloneor jointlywith new co-authors. IntheprefacetothefirsteditionofPhysicalMetallurgy,thefoundingeditorofthisseriesstatedthat “Physical metallurgy is the root from which the modern science of materials has principally sprung.” (R. W. Cahn (1965), PhysicalMetallurgy North Holland Publishing Company, Amsterdam-London). Overthenextfivedecadesthishascontinuedtoringtrue.Whilebothoftheeditorsofthiseditionwere educatedasphysicalmetallurgists,nowadaysitismorecommontocallourselvesMaterialsScientists, andindeedourrespectivedepartmentsdonotutilizetheword“metallurgy.”Butthecoreconcept(or sometimescalleditsparadigm)ofMaterialsScience,thatthepropertiesandperformanceofmaterials havetheiroriginintheirprocessingandresultingmicrostructure,isderiveddirectlyfromPhysicaland Process Metallurgy. For an exhaustive history of Materials Science see “The Coming of Materials Science”byR.W.Cahnandcomparethisto“ABriefHistoryoftheScienceofMetals,”byR.F.Mehl. Inthearticle“TheHistoricalDevelopmentofPhysicalMetallurgy”byR.F.Mehl,whichappearedin the first two editions of this series, Mehl wrote: “Physical Metallurgy has been . interwoven with Extractive Metallurgy, and for a long time, historically, these two branches constituted a common art, practiced by the same artisans.” Early in 2014 there appeared the three volume Treatise on Process Metallurgy,editedbySeshadriSeetharamanandalsopublishedbyELSEVIER,whichmaybesaidtobe the companion tothisset. These sixvolumes certainly cover Metallurgycomprehensively. ThisfiftheditionofPhysicalMetallurgyispublishedsomeeighteenyearsafterthe4theditionofthis series,whichwaspublishedin1996.Thelamenteddeathofthefoundingeditorin2007sloweddown the appearance ofthis 5th edition. Finally we are ready to presentthe 5th edition. Thiseditionhasamoreinternationalflavortothelistingofauthors.Indeedinthis21stCenturythe easewithwhichcorrespondencecanbesentmakesthetaskofeditingeasier.Itdoesnotseemtospeed upthe writing andresponse of all authors however! Severalnewsubjectswereaddedinthiseditiontoupdatetheprogressinphysicalmetallurgyinthelast 18years.Severalofthechaptersarewrittenbythesameauthorsasthoseinthefourthedition;butthey have all been updated toinclude new topics andapproaches. ix