Жекен ҚАЛИҰЛЫ Тілашар Phrase book Разговорник (Оқу-әдістемелік кешені) Астана 2013 1 УДК 811.512.122:111:161.1(038) ББК 81.2 (Қаз-Англ-Рус) я2 Қ26 Қазақстан Республикасы Мәдениет және ақпарат министрлігі Тіл комитетінің тапсырысы бойынша «Қазақстан Республикасында тілдерді дамыту мен қолданудың 2011–2020 жылдарға арналған мемлекеттік бағдарламасы» аясында шығарылды Қ26 Қалиұлы Жекен. Тілашар – Phrase book – Разговорник (Оқу-әдістемелік кешені). – Астана: КАМ Медиапринт, 2013. – 316 бет. ISBN 978-601-80211-4-5 Бұл «Тілашар» қазақ, ағылшын, орыс тілін үйренушілерге қажетті оқу құралы ретінде «Interactiv Kazakhstan» компаниясының базасында әзірленді. Құрал «сөйлейтін» қаламның көмегімен дыбыс- талады. УДК 811.512.122:111:161.1(038) ББК 81.2 (Қаз-Англ-Рус) я2 ISBN 978-601-80211-4-5 © Қалиұлы Жекен, 2013 © «Interactiv Kazakhstan», 2013 2 FOREWORD The present pocket book aims specially at helping the foreign visitor to Kazakhstan who does not know Russian and Kazakh to explain what he wants, ask questions and make requests. The book consists of some short information about the republic. Its first section is composed of words and expressions likely to be needed on first acquaintance. Subsequent sections deal with other specific subjects. For the convenience of the reader it has minimum explanations about the Russian and the Kazakh sound-systems and their alphabets. The Russian letters in brackets and preceded by a hyphen indicate the feminine ending. Naturally, the phrase-book cannot claim to provide for every occasion and situation. The publishers and the compilers will be grateful for any opinion that maybe offered. KAZAKHSTAN Kazakhstan, republic in Central Asia, is bounded on the north by Russia, on the south by Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan, on the west by Caspian Sea and Russia. It was formerly the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). With an area of 2,717,300 sq km and total length of its borders is more than 15,000 km-roughly five times the area of France. Kazakhstan is the second largest member of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). Almost all of Kazakhstan is located in Europe. Astana – the capital of the republic (since December, 1997). Kazakhstan has fifteen regions, more than 3000 cities and township. Land and climate On a geographical map almost the whole of Kazakhstan is marked in yellow – the colour of the deserts and steppes. A large part of its territory is composed of plains, about the quarter is foothills and medium-high mountainous area, one-tenth in high mountain peaks. Altogether there are about thousand rivers and lakes in the region. The largest, Lake Balkhash, resembles a precious stone set in the gold of the steppes. In the eastern part there is Bukhtarminskoye Sea, one of the largest artificial reservoirs. Kazakhstan’s major rivers are the Irtysh, the Ishim, the Syr-Daria, the Ili and Ural. Kazakhstan oases have some five thousand species of plants and over 600 species of birds and animals, it is home to some extremely rare animal species, such as the Saiga antelope, which is protected by government decree. 3 The lands of Kazakhstan are both beautiful and rich. The country amazes one not only by its sheer rise but also by the diversity of its natural environment. Difference in elevation in the republic are extreme. Mountainous areas along the border with Kyrgyzstan reach a height of nearly 5,000 m, while considerable areas near the Caspian Sea lie below sea level. The Caspian Sea, lowest point in Europe lies at an elevation of about 28m below sea level, while the Karagiye Depression, located to the east, 132m below sea level. The climate of Kazakhstan is extremely continental, and, due to the vastness of the country, characterized by great internal variations. Average daily temperature in January ranges from -19° to -4° C (-2.2° to 24.8° F), while average daily temperature in July is 19° to 26° C (66.2° to 78.8° F). in sumer temperatures can reach 45° C (113° F), and in the winter temperature can fall bellow -45° C (-49° F). Population With an estimated population of 14,953,000 in 1999, Kazakhstan is unique among the republics of CIS in terms of ethnic composition. Kazakhs are the single largest ethnic group in Kazakhstan. Russians are the next largest group. Some Kazakhs are followers of Islam. The official state language is Kazakh, a Turkic language, although Russian is the most widely spoken language in the country. Almost 60 percent of Kazakhstan is urbanized, the highest level of urbanization among the republics is Central Asia. Almaty, the south capital, is the largest city with about 1,129,000 inhabitants. It is followed in size by Qaraghandy (436,000), Shymkent (360,000), Taraz (330,000), Astana (312,000), Oskemen (311,000) and Pavlodar (300,000). History The Kazakh people were formed by process of amalgamation and assimilation of ancient tribes and peoples that inhabited the territory of Kazakhstan in prehistoric times. The historians of antiquity called them the Saka. For many centuries the land of Saka was the scene of bloody, devastating wars. And many conquerors had encroached on that land. Between the 7th and the 12th centuries, various early feudal states succeded one another on the vast Kazakhstan territory, which united the Usun, Kangyui, Karluk, Turgesh and other Turkic tribes. 4 In 1218 Mongol-Tatar hordes invaded Kazakhstan. As a result of those aggressive campaigns Kazakhstan, like the entire Central Asian region, was incorporated in the vast empire of the Mongols known in history as the Golden Horde. However, it turned out to be an unstable state. Undermined by internecine wars between the feudal lords and the liberation stuggles of the conquered peoples, it eventually disintegrated into separate tribal alliances. The first Kazakh Khanates (states), based on unified economic and ethnic grounds, appeared in the fifteenth century in the south of Kazakhstan. The Kazakhs led a primarily nomadic life, roaming the boundless steppes with their herds and flocks. Throughout the whole territory there were small towns, usually situated at the crossroads of the trade routes passing through the area. As far back as that an important trade route linking Central Asia – and trough it, Bysantium – with China, lay through the southern part of Kazakhstan. It is known in history as The Great Silk Rout, as silk was one of the main items of trade. Cities sprand up also on fertile lands in the Semerechye area (the Land of Seven rivers). In many of them science and literature flourished. The philosopher Al-Faraby (890-950), born in Otrar, lived in that epoch. He is known chiefly as an encyclopaedist and as the first Oriental popularized of the ancient Greek and Roman philosophy, including the works of Aristotle. At about the same time lived Mahmud of Kashgar, who wrote a three volume dictionary of local Turkic Dialects. As a result of ethnic, political and social-economic processes in 1468 independent Kazakh state (khanstvo) was formed on the territory of Kazakhstan. During the government of such khans as Janybek, Kerei, Kasym, Hakhnazar, Tauke and Yesim the khanstvo began consolidate and became a powerful state. The ethnic name “Kazakh”, then used as the name of the state, is a Turkic word. In the opinion of investigators, it means “a free man”. Kazakhs originally nomads and farmers who loved freedom and owned tremendous herds, succulent pastures and rich lands in the foothills and rivers, valleys. However being at war with djungars during about one hundred years the mighty of khanstvo was rather weakened. But when the liberation movement of the Kazakh people for national independence and territorial integrity gained the victory the djungar khanstvo fell in action in 1758. The long war against djungar weakened the Kazakh khanstvo and some part of the people was forced to be naturalized in Russia and this was the reason of annexation of Kazakhstan. 5 The annexation of the Kazakh territory had been finished by the second half of the 19th century. Kazakhstan’s acceptance into the Russian Empire had a certain influence on the region, resulting in the replacement of the nomadic patriarchal community by higher forms of economy and culture over the vast Kazakh Steppes. The study of the territory by Russian scolars – the first attempts at the study of its history – was an important event in the life of the Kazakh people. Mention should be made of the impact of Russian travelers on Kazakhstan’s culture. For example, one of the greatest Russian geographers Semenov-Tien-Shansky played a great role in the scientific career of the first Kazakh scolar and educator Chokan Valikhanov (1835-65), whose works on Central Asia and the East have great historical value and echo stood for the enlightenment of Kazakh people and familiarization with the Russian culture. Valikhnov’s work in the field of education was carried on by the prominent Kazakh teacher Ibrai Altynsarin (1841 - 1889). He organized public education in Kazakhstan, developed a Kazakh alphabet based on the Russian script and wrote the first manuals for Kazakh schools. Great was the role played by the national poet and creator of the Kazakh literary language Abai Kunanbayev (1845 - 1904)in the cultural history of the Kazakh people. Abai wrote powerful poetry, in which he tried to destroy the backward, hidebound attitudes of his time and sought to condemn the obstacles that stood in the way of Kazakh progress. New social and cultural processes in Kazakhstan aided in the consolidation of the Kazakh nation. But with the strengthening of the position of Tsarist Russia in Kazakhstan, the local toiling people were subjected to a double yoke: in addition to exploitation by bais and feudal lords, the Kazakhs were subjected to a severe colonial yoke which became even more severe in the epoch of imperialism. Under the impact of progressive social thought and Russian revolutionary movement the Kazakh people began to take part in political life and joined the revolutionary movement. the first Russian revolution of 1905 - 1907 furthered the political awakening of the Kazakh working people. The 1916 national liberation uprising in Central Asia and Kazakhstan coincided with the new revolutionary upsurge throughout Russia. In Kazakhstan uprising was led by national hero Amangeldy Imanov (1873 - 1919). After the overthrow of the monarchy of Russia, bodies people’s power – were gradually set up in Kazakhstan. The Great October Socialist Revolution triumphed in October 1917. Following the victory of the Petrograd workers and soldiers the people 6 of Kazakhstan rose to fight for the Soviet. The revolution in Kazakhstan was marked by certain specific features stemming from the socio-economic and cultural backwardness of the country, the small size of the industrial proletariat and entrenched patriarchal – feudal relations in the auls (Kazakh villages). Toward the middle of the summer of 1918 Central Asia was cut off from European Russia. The Kazakh steppes was seized by white Guard troops, military units formed from officers of the tsarist army and counterrevolutionaries. To fight enemies of Soviet rule, Red Army units were formed, in which the Kazakhs, Russians, Uzbeks, Uigurs and other nationalities fought side by side. In summer 1920 the Red Army aided by the people of Kazakhstan routed the white Guards, and the remains of the white armies were driven beyond the borders of the Soviet state. On 26 August 1920 a decree was signed on the establishment of Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic on the territory of Kazakhstan. In 1930’s the Republic was carried to extremes in organizing all-round collectivisation which resulted in estrangement of peasants from agricultural job. As a result in 1931 – 1933 in many provinces of Kazakhstan many people died of hunger. In 1936 Kazakhstan became a Union Republic. By that time the nomadic way of life had radically changed. Much had been done in republic to eliminate illiteracy: schools, libraries and clubs were opened and a health care system was set up. The Tenth Extraordinary All-Kazakhstan Congress of Soviets held in March 1937, adopted the Constitution of the Kazakh SSR, a sovereign Union Republic. The People’s peaceful endevour was interrupted by the German fascist invasion. At the beginning of the Great Patriotic War of 1941 – 1945, over a million inhabitants of Kazakhstan joined the ranks of the Soviet Army. Kazakh fought courageously in many decisive battles. More than a hundred thousand Kazakhs were awarded Orders and Medals. The country’s highest military award – Hero of the Soviet Union – has been conferred on some 500 men and women of the republic. Two daughters of the Kazakh people, Manshuk Mametova and Aliya Moldagulova, who volunteered for frontline service, were the first women of the Soviet East to be awarded the title of the Hero of the Soviet Union. Kazakhstan dispatched ammunition, fuel, clothing and food to the front. Together with the entire Soviet people the republic discharged its duty this trying period. The postwar years saw the extensive development of Kazakhstan’s unique mineral resources, the launching of new industrial projects, and the application of the latest achievements in science and technology. In agricultural output, 7 an increasing role was played by large state amalgamations-state farms. Of special importance in boosting the republic’s economy and agriculture was the development of the virgin and fallow lands, which greatly transformed many regions and the lives of hundreds of thousands of people. From 1954 to 1960 about 26 million hectares of virgin and fallow lands were put to the plough. Folk traditions were passed down generation to generation. All the best works of folk craftsmen such as elegant decoration, ceramic and metal vessels, melodious musical instruments, felt and women carpets, embodies the perennial ideas of the Kazakhs about beauty. The living standards and welfare of the working people of Kazakhstan grew from year to year. Stores of new buildings rose everywhere in the republic, thousands of families moved to new, light flats annually. There were nursery schools, palaces of culture, trade centers, schools, libraries at their disposal. Widely spread in towns and villages were the construction of cultural and sports complexes. Much attention was given to the protection of health and the recreation conditions for dwellers. There extended the network of policlinics and hospitals where patients were given efficient medical aid. In 1991 a new country – The Republic of Kazakhstan – appeared on the geopolitical map of the world. Shortly after it’s declaration of independence Kazakhstan was officially recognized by over 100 countries. Nursultan Nazarbaev became the first President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. In 1992 Kazakhstan, which held a portion of the nuclear arsenal of the former USSR, agreed to destroy the weapons of transfer them to Russian control within seven years. In December 1993 Kazakhstan ratified the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty. The republic is home to the Baikonur space center in the former USSR. 8 THE RUSSIAN ALPHABET The Russian Vowel-sounds are denoted in spelling by the letters а, е, ё, и, о, ы, э, ю, я. All these letters are therefore usually called vowel letters or simply vowels, though the letters е, ё, ю, я often represent their respective vowel-sounds in combination with the sound (й), which properly to the consonant-system. The letters е, ё, ю, я and и, which when they occur immediately after consonants, indicate the softness of the letter, are often called soft vowels and so distinguished from the hard vowels э, о, у, а and ы. The Russian consonants are represented by the letters, б, в, г, д, ж, з, й, к, л, м, и, р, с, т, ф, х, ц, ч, ш, щ. These letters are called consonant-letters, or simply consonants, with the expression of u, which is known is a semivowel. It should be also remembered that the sound (и) is often denoted by means of letters, е, ё, ю, я. Apart from и, ч, щ, и, which always represent soft sounds, the soft consonant-sounds are denoted by the same letters as are used for the corresponding hard sounds. The softness of a consonant is usually indicated either by the following vowel-letter (е, ё, ю, я, or и) or by the soft sign ь. Printed Russian Printed Russian Character Name Character Name Аа А Рр эр Бб бэ Сс эс Вв вэ Тт тэ Гг гэ Уу у Дд дэ Фф эф Ее е Хх ха Ёё ё Цц цэ Жж жэ Чч че Зз зэ Шш ша Ии и Щщ ща Йй и (short) Ъъ (hard sign) Кк ка Ыы ы Лл эль Ьь (soft sign) Мм эм Ээ э Нн эн Юю ю Оо о Яя я Пп пэ 9 THE KAZAKH ALPHABET The Kazakh letters are denoted by signs based on the letters of the Russian alphabet. The Kazakh vowel-letters: а, ә, е, ё, и, о, ө, ү, ұ, у, ы, і, э, ю, я. Vowels are used mainly in loan-words from the Russian (see The Russian Alphabet). The Kazakh consonant are represented by the letters б, в, г, ғ, д, ж, з, й (semi vowel), к, қ, л, м, н, ң, п, р, с, т, ф, х, һ, ц, ш, щ, ъ, ь. Apart from й, ч, щ which always represented soft sounds, the soft consonant-sounds are denoted by the same letters as are used for corresponding hard sounds. The softness of consonant is usually indicated either by the following vowel-letters (е, e, to or u) or by the soft sign ь. Consonant в, ф, ц, ч, щ are used in loan-words from the Russian. Printed Kazakh Printed Kazakh Character Name Character Name Аа а Рр ыр Әә ә Сс сы Бб бы Тт ты Вв ве Уу ұу Гг гі Ұұ ұ Ғғ ғы Үү ү Дд ды Фф эф Ее е Хх ха Ёё ио Һһ һа Жж жы Цц це Зз зы Чч че Ии ый, ій Шш шы Йй ый Щщ щы Кк кі Ъъ (hard sign) Ққ қы Ыы Ы Лл ыл Іі і Мм мы Ьь (soft sign) Нн ны Ээ э Ңң ың Юю йұу Оо о Яя йа Өө ө Пп пы 10