SpringerSeriesin optical sciences 157 foundedbyH.K.V.Lotsch Editor-in-Chief: W.T.Rhodes,Atlanta EditorialBoard: A.Adibi,Atlanta T.Asakura,Sapporo T.W.Ha¨nsch,Ga•rching T.Kamiya,Tokyo F.Krausz,Garching B.Monemar,Linko¨ping H.Venghaus,Berlin H.Weber,Berlin H.Weinfurter,Mu¨nchen SpringerSeriesin optical sciences TheSpringerSeriesinOpticalSciences,undertheleadershipofEditor-in-ChiefWilliamT.Rhodes,Georgia InstituteofTechnology,USA,providesanexpandingselectionofresearchmonographsinallmajorareasof optics:lasersandquantumoptics,ultrafastphenomena,opticalspectroscopytechniques,optoelectronics, quantuminformation,informationoptics,appliedlasertechnology,industrialapplications,andother topicsofcontemporaryinterest. Withthisbroadcoverageoftopics,theseriesisofusetoallresearchscientistsandengineerswhoneed up-to-datereferencebooks. Theeditorsencourageprospectiveauthorstocorrespondwiththeminadvanceofsubmittingamanu- script.Submissionofmanuscriptsshould•bemadetotheEditor-in-ChieforoneoftheEditors.Seealso www.springer.com/series/624 Editor-in-Chief WilliamT.Rhodes GeorgiaInstituteofTechnology SchoolofElectricalandComputerEngineering Atlanta,GA30332-0250,USA E-mail:[email protected] EditorialBoard AliAdibi BoMonemar GeorgiaInstituteofTechnology DepartmentofPhysics SchoolofElectricalandComputerEngineering andMeasurementTechnology Atlanta,GA30332-0250,USA MaterialsScienceDivision E-mail:[email protected] Linko¨pingUniversity ToshimitsuAsakura 58183Linko¨ping,Sweden E-mail:[email protected] Hokkai-GakuenUniversity FacultyofEngineering HerbertVenghaus 1-1,Minami-26,Nishi11,Chuo-ku FraunhoferInstitutfu¨rNachrichtentechnik Sapporo,Hokkaido064-0926,Japan Heinrich-Hertz-Institut E-mail:[email protected] Einsteinufer37 TheodorW.Ha¨nsch 10587Berlin,Germany Max-Planck-Institutfu¨rQuantenoptik E-mail:[email protected] Hans-Kopfermann-Straße1 HorstWeber 85748Garching,Germany E-mail:[email protected] TechnischeUniversita¨tBerlin TakeshiKamiya OptischesInstitut Straßedes17.Juni135 MinistryofEducation,Culture,Sports 10623Berlin,Germany ScienceandTechnology E-mail:[email protected] NationalInstitutionforAcademicDegrees 3-29-1Otsuka,Bunkyo-ku HaraldWeinfurter Tokyo112-0012,Japan Ludwig-Maximilians-Universita¨tMu¨nchen E-mail:[email protected] SektionPhysik FerencKrausz Schellingstraße4/III Ludwig-Maximilians-Universita¨tMu¨nchen 80799Mu¨nchen,Germany Lehrstuhlfu¨rExperimentellePhysik E-mail:[email protected] AmCoulombwall1 85748Garching,Germany and Max-Planck-Institutfu¨rQuantenoptik Hans-Kopfermann-Straße1 85748Garching,Germany E-mail:[email protected] PleaseviewavailabletitlesinSpringerSeriesinOpticalSciences onserieshomepagehttp://www.springer.com/series/624 Hans-Joachim Lewerenz Photons in Natural and Life Sciences • An Interdisciplinary Approach With 218 Figures 123 ProfessorDr.Hans-JoachimLewerenz Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin for Materials and Energy Institut f(cid:252)(cid:252)ür Solare Brennstoffe Hahn-Meitner Platz 1 D-14109Berlin,Germany E-mail:[email protected] • SpringerSeriesinOpticalSciences ISSN0342-4111 e-ISSN1556-1534 ISBN978-3-642-23748-5 e-ISBN978-3-642-23749-2 DOI10.1007/978-3-642-23749-2 SpringerHeidelbergDordrechtLondonNewYork LibraryofCongressControlNumber: 2011944227 ©Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2012 This work is subject to copyright. 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Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) DedicatedtoMrs. Rodenberg,Physics teacherattheUlrich-von-HuttenGymnasium inBerlinLichtenrade • Preface Advancesinscience,oftencuriositydriven,canalsoaddresssocietalneedssuchas energy,healthandlifestyle,and,ofcourse,theincreaseoffundamentalknowledge. Technology,whichlargelydefinesourway of living,is stronglydependenton the underlyingscientificachievements,which,inturn,arerelatedtotheadvancesinthe fundamentalandappliedsciencesincludingthelifesciences. Withtheadventofnanoscience,advanceshavebecomepossiblethatarebasedon novelmultidisciplinaryapproacheswhereconnectionsbetweenhithertorathersep- arated disciplines such as, for example, physics, biology,chemistry, mathematics, materials science and information technology have been made. In this sense, science, besides its progress in the respective fields, is presently experiencing a renaissance of bridging between disciplines similar to the situation that existed at the beginning of the age of Enlightenment. Accordingly, this text focusses on the interdisciplinarity that characterizes many aspects of modern nanoscience. I have selected photonsas a “glue” that demonstratesthe interlinkingof so many apparently disparate scientific disciplines in natural and life sciences. Therefore, instead of treating scientific topics according to their traditional compartmental structure, photons and their interactions serve here as a guide for a visit in the respectivedisciplinesandtheirsometimesunusualconnections1. The general topics, made visible by my subjective selection of the chapters, shallemphasizethebridgingcharacterinmodernscience.Theapproachpresented hereis ratheruniqueaswe cansee in the schematicabove(see footnote1) which demonstratesthatthereisstillalongroadtotravelforinterdisciplinaryworkinthe sciences;thistextisjustoneofthebeginningsinthatdirection. The interaction of matter with electromagnetic radiation involves absorption, scattering and emission of photons. The corresponding electronic and vibronic excitations are localized processes making photons a suited probe of nanoscale matter.Inmostcases, thisprobeisnondestructiveexceptforhigh-intensitybeams 1Image adapted from W.B. Paley, K. Boyack, D. Klavans, SEED Magazine, March 7 (2007), commiss.K.Bo¨rner. vii viii Preface where radiation chemistry can occur. The use of pulse lasers, femtosecond X-ray sourcesandfreeelectronlasersallowsultrahightimeresolutionwithsufficientbeam intensity.Besidesbeingananalyticaltool,photonscanbeusedtochangematterby localizedinteractions.DeepUVlithographyisawell-knownexampleofstructuring matter with light. In advanced communication, based on entangled photons, the delocalizednatureofthephotonfieldisexploited,whereasinquantumcomputing, localized interactions, for instance, with the hyperfine structure of ion states in a Paulitrap,areexploited. In life sciences, the use of photons ranges from the traditional use of light microscopythathasrevolutionizedmedicine,topresentday’sphotothermalcancer therapy, for example. Photosynthesis has produced our atmospheric oxygen and the analysis of the light-induced and consecutive processes in photosynthesis has resulted in a wealth of insights that is now used for realization of bio-inspired solarfuelgeneration,knownasartificialphotosynthesis.A particularlyinteresting phenomenon learnt from photosynthesis is the excitation energy transfer where photonicenergyistransferredtocatalyticsiteswithoutanactualchargetransfer.The analysisoftheenergystatesinsuchcentreshasbecomepossiblebythedevelopment of synchrotron third-generation light sources. An important future route is the steering of enzymatic reactions, e.g., bio-catalytic activity, by photonic excitation energyfromneighbouringabsorbersandtoreplaceenzymesbysuitedmorerobust catalyticmacromolecules. The conceptual approach of a multidisciplinary text results from inspection of scientific achievements that were made by scientific cross-fertilization and also Preface ix by the author’s work over the last three decades in various disciplines such as surface science, electrochemistry, materials science of semiconductors, solar cell developmentand,toasmallerextent,onplasmonicsandbiologicalsystems. Importantparts of this monographhave been written duringvisits of Baldhead Island (North Carolina), during a sabbatical at North Carolina State University (NCSU)andduringavisitatJilinUniversityinChangchun(China)wheremyhost wasWenboSong.IamindebtedtoZlatkoSitarandMichaelRigsbeeforhostingme forasabbaticalyearatNCSU.ValuablediscussionswithRaoulSchlesser,Ramon Collazo and Klaus Bachmann are gratefully acknowledged. Many stimulating discussions with the members of my research team at the Helmholtz Zentrum for Materials and Energy in Berlin, Germany, are gratefully acknowledged. Last but notleast,IwanttoexpressmygratitudetoClausAscheronofSpringerHeidelberg forhispatience,helpandcontinuingsupportofthisproject. This book addresses a readership with a pronounced interest in the multidis- ciplinary challenges in nanoscience. The text has been written for readers with a basicknowledgeinphysicsandmathematicsandthefrequentuseofequationsand figures was a means to condense the width of the highly interdisciplinarycontent into a manageable volume. The book shall provide an overview of developing areasand giveinsightsinto alreadyexistingcross-disciplinaryactivities and,also, hopefully lead to the stimulation of further interdisciplinary work in many areas of natural and life sciences. It has been written for interested graduate students, teachers and experts working in the respective fields who want to broaden their perspective. Part of this text has been presented as a lecture on “nanophotonics” at the Technical University Berlin (Germany) and, accordingly, this book might be of use for those lecturers who want to stimulate interdisciplinary research and educationbyteaching. Berlin Hans-JoachimLewerenz •