Phonetics and Phonology in Action SOUNDS – MEANING –COMMUNICATION LANDMARKS IN PHONETICS, PHONOLOGY AND COGNITIVE LINGUISTICS Edited by Jolanta Szpyra-Kozłowska Editorial Board: Eugeniusz Cyran (John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin) Halina Chodkiewicz (Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin) Adam Głaz (Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin) Haike Jacobs (Radboud University (Nijmegen), The Netherlands) Henryk Kardela (Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin) Przemysław Łozowski (Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin) Bert Peeters (Australian National University (Canberra) and Griffith University (Bris-bane), Australia) VOLUME 10 Notes on the quality assurance and peer review of this publication Prior to publication, the quality of the work published in this series is reviewed by an external referee appointed by the editorship. Jolanta Szpyra-Kozłowska and Marek Radomski (eds.) Phonetics and Phonology in Action reviewed by Haike Jacobs Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands Bibliographic Information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data is available online at http://dnb.d-nb.de. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A CIP catalog record for this book has been applied for at the Library of Congress. This publication was financially supported by Maria Curie-Skłodowska University of Lublin, Poland Cover illustration printed with kind permission of Jerzy Durczak Cover Design: © Olaf Gloeckler, Atelier Platen, Friedberg  ISBN 978-3-631-77277-5 (Print) E-ISBN 978-3-631-78092-3 (E-PDF) E-ISBN 978-3-631-78093-0 (EPUB) E-ISBN 978-3-631-78094-7 (MOBI) DOI 10.3726/b15431 © Peter Lang GmbH Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften Berlin 2019 All rights reserved. Peter Lang – Berlin ∙ Bern ∙ Bruxelles ∙ New York ∙ Oxford ∙ Warszawa ∙ Wien All parts of this publication are protected by copyright. Any utilisation outside the strict limits of the copyright law, without the permission of the publisher, is forbidden and liable to prosecution. This applies in particular to reproductions, translations, microfilming, and storage and processing in electronic retrieval systems. This publication has been peer reviewed. www.peterlang.com Foreword Contemporary phonetic and phonological studies demonstrate convincingly that significant and valuable insights into the sound structure of human language can be gained in several different and complementary ways: through data gath- ering and their meticulous analysis, often involving instrumental measurements and statistics, carefully designed and executed linguistic experiments, detailed theoretical considerations and applications of various model-based constructs to the data or a combination of these methods. The present volume is a collec- tion of 14 papers written by international scholars from several countries (Japan, India, China, France, Germany, Great Britain, Portugal, Holland, Hungary, Ukraine and Poland) who address various controversial aspects of phonological theory as well as examine a wealth of complex segmental and prosodic issues in many typologically and genetically diversified languages including, among others, Gothic, Sanskrit, Old Chinese, Malayalam, Japanese, Polish, Hungarian English and Portuguese. The contributors adopt different research methodol- ogies and theoretical perspectives which reflect a large variety of approaches found in current phonetic and phonological thinking. Methodological and theo- retical differences notwithstanding, all the chapters are characterized by scrupu- lous attention to detail and rigorous methods of data analysis and interpretation. Many of the phonological studies are couched within some specific theoret- ical approach, either Optimality Theory or Government Phonology (different versions), arguing for the adequacy of the adopted frameworks and their ability to account successfully for the collected data. The volume consists of two parts. Part One comprises eight contributions which deal with various segmental issues, both vocalic and consonantal, while Part Two includes six papers which are concerned with different aspects of prosody, e.g. stress, length, tone and intonation. Part One: Segmental issues The eight chapters in the first part of the present volume address a variety of phonetic and phonological issues which pertain to the segmental structure of Gothic, Sanskrit, British English, Russian, Polish, European Portuguese, Hungarian English, Icelandic and Faroese. Guillaume Enguehard’s paper focuses on the representation of branching onsets in Strict CV. The author argues that they are not conditioned by a specific lateral relation but by the OCP. The properties of branching onsets are demon- strated to correspond to the absence of an embedded V position between two 6 Foreword consonants. The major claim is that this absence of V position is possible if two consonants are distinct enough to be adjacent without violating the OCP (e.g. an obstruent and a liquid). Guillaume Enguehard and Xiaoliang Luo argue that partial reduplica- tion of branching onsets in Gothic and Sanskrit is conditioned by one factor only: length. They maintain that spreading is driven by the relative complexity (sonority) of consonants with more complex consonants branching to less com- plex ones. As a result, the sonority parameter involved in Gothic and Sanskrit reduplications can be reduced to length. Luke Green examines a recent phenomenon of the fronting of the high back vowel /u:/ in southern British English. He presents a report on an empirical study whose results indicate that /u:/ is fronted in all phonetic environments, except when preceding dark [ɫ]. These findings form the basis of the claim that the transcription symbol /u:/ is currently obsolete and inaccurate as the repre- sentation of the phoneme and ought to be replaced by a symbol representing a rounded centralized vowel, such as /u:/. Kateryna Laidler’s paper is concerned with the adaptation of the English interdentals in loanwords into Russian. The author attempts to account for the asymmetrical behaviour of /θ/, realised mostly as /t/, and /ð/, substituted with /z/, in borrowings. In order to solve the puzzle of the asymmetrical behaviour of the interdentals, established loans are compared with online loans collected in a perception experiment with native speakers of Russian. The data are formally analysed within the framework of Optimality Theory. Grzegorz Michalski’s paper discusses the variation in the behaviour of the stem-final voiced velar plosive /g/ in novel masculine diminutives in Polish formed with the suffix –ek. While some items exhibit the effects of spirantization, with the voiced alveolar fricative output, others emerge with the voiced alveolar affricate. The author analyses the factors responsible for the observed variation and juxtaposes his findings with the previous analyses of this phenomenon. Heglyn Pimenta’s chapter is concerned with the representation of standard European Portuguese nasal vowels and oral diphthongs. It argues that nasality is directly associated with a vocalic position in a complex nucleus and provides evidence for the representation of Portuguese nasal vowels as phonological diphthongs. The author discusses both the similarities and differences between oral diphthongs and nasal vowels and proposes an interpretation of Portuguese nasality that accounts for these segments’ properties. Ágnes Piukovics and Katalin Balogné Bérces examine the phenomenon of (non-)rhoticity in Hungarian-accented English and argue that non-native varie- ties of English display systematic semi-rhotic patterns similar to those found in Foreword 7 native accents (e.g. Jamaican English). The authors report on an empirical study which investigates the phenomenon of semi-rhoticity in Hungarian English. The results show that the intermediate stage in the learners’ interlanguage is mostly governed by universal phonological principles. Laurence Voeltzel’ s paper deals with the properties and phonological representations of the /obstruent + liquid/ clusters. The analysis, based on the data from Icelandic and Faroese, is couched within the Government Phonology 2 framework and relies on the structuration of the internal content of segments which are claimed to contain both melody and space. This internal configuration allows for considering new segmental interactions, such as the hosting of a seg- ment into another segment’s structure. Part Two: Prosody Six chapters in Part Two undertake an analysis of various prosodic phe- nomena in Classical Latin, Italian, Old Chinese, Malayalam, Tokyo Japanese, Polish English and native English. Haike Jacobs argues for the need to recognize an uneven trochaic foot as part of the descriptive vocabulary of metrical theory. He critically discusses the pro- posal which allows for lengthening in trochaic stress systems, but limits length- ening to syllabic trochee languages. The author also reviews some of the recent experimental work on standard Italian and Northern Italian which provides empirical evidence that lengthening is found also in moraic trochee systems. Finally, he argues that the uneven trochee is necessary in an adequate OT ac- count of syncope in Classical Latin. Xiaoliang Luo’s chapter focuses on the implications of Old Chinese tonogenesis for phonological theory with regard to tone and segments. The author demonstrates that contour tone is a possible strategy of transphonologization and argues that differences between level tones in African languages and contour tones in East Asian languages can be predicted when a formal solution taking into account the C/V segregation is adopted. The paper is also an attempt to reconcile contemporary theoretical phonology with Chinese diachronic studies. Mahesh M presents an account of Malayalam intonation couched within the Autosegmental-Metrical model. The analysis is based on semi sponta- neous speech production recorded in a studio environment. It proposes that an Intonation Phrase (IP) consists of an intermediate phrase (ip) and an Accentual Phrase (AP). The smallest prosodic unit of Malayalam to produce an intona- tional phrase is the Accentual Phrase (AP) and the most common accentual phrase is the one which shows a rising pattern. Mayuki Matsui and Hyun Kyung Hwang examine the tonal clash resolution in Tokyo Japanese, a pitch accent language having both lexical and a post-lexical 8 Foreword tone in the prosodic system. They focus mainly on how a lexical pitch accent interacts with a post-lexical tone. The study offers new empirical evidence of tonal clash resolution as well as provides an interesting testing case of covert contrast at an accent-intonation interface. Arkadiusz Rojczyk and Andrzej Porzuczek’s paper reports on a per- ception study concerning the acquisition of English word stress by Polish learners. The participants carried out speeded identification and discrimina- tion tasks which measured their perception accuracy of disyllabic and trisyl- labic English word stress patterns. The results confirm the greater difficulty of accuracy judgements when learners have no simultaneous access to both correct and incorrect items. The findings are compared with the results of pre- vious production experiments. Marcel Schlechtweg provides an overview of factors that affect the pro- sodic prominence pattern of English adjective-noun constructions. The author argues that the traditional approach to these structures neglects many aspects that contribute to the assignment of prosodic prominence. He isolates and discusses four types of such determinants: the influence of the environ- ment in which a construction appears, factors that relate to a construction as a whole and that relate to individual construction constituents and speaker- or hearer-related factors. Jolanta Szpyra-Kozłowska Marek Radomski