OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,3/10/2018,SPi Philosophy, Rhetoric, and Thomas Hobbes OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,3/10/2018,SPi OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,3/10/2018,SPi Philosophy, Rhetoric, and Thomas Hobbes Timothy Raylor 1 OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,3/10/2018,SPi 3 GreatClarendonStreet,Oxford,OX26DP, UnitedKingdom OxfordUniversityPressisadepartmentoftheUniversityofOxford. ItfurtherstheUniversity’sobjectiveofexcellenceinresearch,scholarship, andeducationbypublishingworldwide.Oxfordisaregisteredtrademarkof OxfordUniversityPressintheUKandincertainothercountries ©TimothyRaylor2018 Themoralrightsoftheauthorhavebeenasserted FirstEditionpublishedin2018 Impression:1 Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedin aretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,withoutthe priorpermissioninwritingofOxfordUniversityPress,orasexpresslypermitted bylaw,bylicenceorundertermsagreedwiththeappropriatereprographics rightsorganization.Enquiriesconcerningreproductionoutsidethescopeofthe aboveshouldbesenttotheRightsDepartment,OxfordUniversityPress,atthe addressabove Youmustnotcirculatethisworkinanyotherform andyoumustimposethissameconditiononanyacquirer PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyOxfordUniversityPress 198MadisonAvenue,NewYork,NY10016,UnitedStatesofAmerica BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData Dataavailable LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2018945418 ISBN 978–0–19–882969–0 Printedandboundby CPIGroup(UK)Ltd,Croydon,CR04YY LinkstothirdpartywebsitesareprovidedbyOxfordingoodfaithand forinformationonly.Oxforddisclaimsanyresponsibilityforthematerials containedinanythirdpartywebsitereferencedinthiswork. OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,3/10/2018,SPi To A.M.R. In memoriam OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,3/10/2018,SPi OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,3/10/2018,SPi Contents Acknowledgements ix ListofIllustrations xiii Abbreviations xv NoteonDatesandReferences xvii Introduction 1 1. NobleTutor 25 2. CivilHistoryandStyleinThucydides 65 3. PoetryandNaturalHistoryinthePeak 94 4. Aristotle’sRhetoricintheSchoolroom 127 5. Logic,Rhetoric,andPhilosophy 176 6. Discovery,Proof,andStyle 219 7. RhetoricandLeviathan 254 Conclusion 275 Appendix:TheAuthorshipofTheBriefeoftheArtofRhetorique 281 ListofManuscripts 293 Bibliography 295 Index 325 OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,3/10/2018,SPi OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,3/10/2018,SPi Acknowledgements Mythinkingaboutrhetorichasbeenshapedbysomeremarkableteachers.Iwasfirst introduced to its historical study in a seminar taught by Glenn Black and David Norbrook in the English Faculty of the University of Oxford in Michaelmas Term, 1983. My understanding of the subject was radically altered by the experience of teachingsectionsofEnglish109(‘IntroductiontoRhetoric’)tostudentsatCarleton College in 1992 and thereafter. In this I was assisted especially by the unpublished commentaryonAristotle’sRhetoricpreparedbymylatecolleague,OwenJenkins,for his students in English 375 (‘Advanced Rhetoric’), which helped me understand how to approach rhetoric as a vital, living art. Trained by University of Chicago Aristotelians,JenkinswasworkinginanAnglophonetraditionthatcan,Ibelieve,be tracedrightbacktoHobbes’sBriefe.TotheworkofmorerecentstudentsofAristotle andtherhetoricaltraditionIamhugelyindebted,especiallythatofGeorgeKennedy, JamesJ.Murphy,BrianVickers,PeterMack,andLawrenceGreen. MythinkingaboutHobbesandhisapproachtophilosophyhasbeeninfluencedby myfellowHobbesiansaroundtheglobe.Withoutwishingtoimplicateanyofthem in my arguments, I have benefitted mightily from the work (and in some cases, happily,alsotheconversation)ofDeborahBaumgold,JeffreyCollins,BryanGarsten, Kinch Hoekstra, Doug Jesseph, Cees Leijenhorst, Juhana Lemetti, Al Martinich, Eric Nelson, Jon Parkin, Martine Pécharman, Richard Serjeantson, Gabriella Slomp, Jessica Wolfe, and—never more so than when I disagree with it—that of the late Karl Schuhmann. No one can think today about Hobbes and rhetoric without owinganenormousdebttoQuentinSkinner,whohastaughtushow todosoinan historicallyinformedmanner.EvenwhereIdepartfromhislocaljudgementsorarrive at different conclusions, I am constantly sensible that I am moving across territory that he has opened up for us. Finally, it is a pleasure to acknowledge the great debt IoweStephenClucasandNoelMalcolmforfriendshipandsupportovermanyyears. Theprimaryconcernsofthisbookarequestionsaboutphilosophy,rhetoric,and ThomasHobbes;butthesearedevelopedwithinanunderstandingofearly-modern intellectualhistorythathasbeenshapedovermanyyearsbyabroadcommunityof early-modern scholars, including Reid Barbour, Peter Beal, Martin Dzelzainis, Paul Hammond, Lynn Hulse, Sarah Hutton, Hilton Kelliher, Nicholas von Maltzahn, MichaelP.Parker,GrahamParry,NigelSmith,andBlairWorden. Thanksareowedtoseveralindividualsforparticularkindnesses.PhilipRiden,of Nottingham University and the Victoria County History Project, shared with me unpublished work on Baron Cavendish. Paul Hartle kindly hosted me on a visit to Cambridge. James Knowles gave me access to his working notes on the Hardwick account books. Stuart Band and Adam Russell advised on Derbyshire lead mining. And Val Neal suggested possible sources by which to identify the dead miners mentionedinHobbes’spoemonthePeak;IamsorrythatIfailedtofindthem. IbeganworkonthisbookwhileholdinganACLSFrederickBurkhardtResidential Fellowship for Recently Tenured Scholars at the Folger Shakespeare Library in the