Macmillan Interdisciplinary Handbooks Philosophy Feminism CAROL HAY, EDITOR Macmillan Interdisciplinary Handbooks Philosophy Feminism MacmillanInterdisciplinaryHandbooks Philosophy DonaldM.Borchert,SERIESEDITOR JamesPetrikandArthurZucker,ASSOCIATEEDITORS Philosophy:Sources,Perspectives,andMethodologies DonaldM.Borchert,editor Philosophy:Education BryanR.WarnickandLyndaStone,editors Philosophy:EnvironmentalEthics DavidSchmidtz,editor Philosophy:Feminism CarolHay,editor Philosophy:MedicalEthics CraigM.Klugman,editor Philosophy:Mind BrianP.McLaughlin,editor Philosophy:Religion DonaldM.Borchert,editor Philosophy:SexandLove JamesPetrikandArthurZucker,editors Philosophy:Sport R.ScottKretchmar,editor Philosophy:Technology AnthonyF.Beavers,editor OtherMacmillanInterdisciplinaryHandbooksseries: Gender renéec.hoogland,SERIESEDITOR NicoleR.FleetwoodandIrisvanderTuin,ASSOCIATEEDITORS Religion JeffreyJ.Kripal,SERIESEDITOR AprilD.DeConickandAnthonyB.Pinn,ASSOCIATEEDITORS Human,Transhuman, Posthuman MichaelD.BessandDianaWalshPasulka,SERIESEDITORS Macmillan Interdisciplinary Handbooks Philosophy Feminism Carol Hay EDITOR Philosophy:Feminism Forproductinformationandtechnologyassistance,contactusat CarolHay,EditorinChief GaleCustomerSupport,1-800-877-4253. 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Whileeveryefforthasbeenmadetoensurethereliabilityoftheinformationpresentedinthis publication,Gale,apartofCengageLearning,doesnotguaranteetheaccuracyofthedata ALLRIGHTSRESERVED.Nopartof containedherein.Galeacceptsnopaymentforlisting;andinclusioninthepublicationofany thisworkcoveredbythecopyright organization,agency,institution,publication,service,orindividualdoesnotimplyendorsement oftheeditorsorpublisher.Errorsbroughttotheattentionofthepublisherandverifiedtothe hereinmaybereproducedor satisfactionofthepublisherwillbecorrectedinfutureeditions. distributedinanyformorbyany means,exceptaspermittedbyU.S. copyrightlaw,withouttheprior LIBRARYOFCONGRESSCATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATIONDATA writtenpermissionofthecopyright Name:Hay,Carol,1977-editor. owner. Title:Philosophy:feminism/CarolHay,editor. Description:FarmingtonHills,Mich.:MacmillanReferenceUSA,apartofGale, CengageLearning,2017.|Series:Macmillaninterdisciplinaryhandbooks| Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. Identifiers:LCCN2017002191|ISBN9780028663340(hardcover)| ISBN9780028663432(ebook) Subjects:LCSH:Feministtheory.|Feminism. Classification:LCCHQ1190.P51952017|DDC305.4201--dc23 LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2017002191 Gale,apartofCengageLearning 27500DrakeRd. FarmingtonHills,MI48331-3535 ISBN978-0-02-866334-0(thisvolume) ISBN978-0-02-866331-9(MacmillanInterdisciplinaryHandbooks:Philosophyset) Thistitleisalsoavailableasane-book. ISBN978-0-02-866343-2(thisvolume) ISBN978-0-02-866340-1(MacmillanInterdisciplinaryHandbooks:Philosophyset) ContactyourGalesalesrepresentativefororderinginformation. Printed in Mexico 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 21 20 19 18 17 Editorial Board EDITOR IN CHIEF Donald M. Borchert Emeritus Professor of Philosophy Ohio University, Athens Dr.Borchertteachesandpublishesinhisareasofspecialization,whichincludeethics,philosophyofreligion,and philosophyofMarxism.Hewasawardedthetitleof“UniversityProfessor”byOhioUniversityforexcellencein teaching.HehasauthoredoreditedmorethanadozentitlesincludingTheMacmillanCompendiumonPhilosophy andEthics(1999);TheEncyclopediaofPhilosophy,2ndedition(2006);andEmbracingEpistemicHumility: ConfrontingTriumphalisminThreeAbrahamicReligions(2013).HeservedasAssociateDeanof theCollegeofArts&Sciences(1980–1986)andChairofPhilosophy(1987–2002). ASSOCIATE EDITORS James Petrik Associate Professor of Philosophy Ohio University, Athens Dr.Petrik’sprimaryareasofspecializationareearlymodernphilosophyandphilosophyofreligion.Inadditionto numerous articles, he has authored the following books: Descartes’ Theory of the Will (1992); Evil beyond Belief (2000);andFundamentalsofPhilosophywithH.GeneBlockerandDavidStewart(2013).Hewasawardedthetitle of “University Professor” by Ohio University for excellence in teaching. He is also the recipient of Ohio University’s Jeanette Grasselli Award for Excellence in Teaching. In addition, he has considerable international teaching experience, having been a visiting professor at universities in Japan, Germany, and Kazakhstan. He currently serves as Graduate Chair of the Philosophy Department. Arthur Zucker Associate Professor Emeritus of Philosophy Ohio University, Athens Dr. Zucker teaches and publishes in his areas of specialization, which include applied ethics and philosophy of science.Hewasawardedthetitleof“UniversityProfessor”byOhioUniversityforexcellenceinteaching.Hewas the founding director of the Institute for Applied and Professional Ethics, which assists faculty in developing relevantethicsmodulesfortheircoursesandingeneralservestoadvancetheunderstandingofethicaltheoryasit applies to everyday ethics. Among his publications are four textbooks: Medical Ethics: A Reader, with Donald Borchert and David Stewart (1992); An Introduction to Modern Philosophy with Donald Borchert (1994, 2001); AnIntroductiontothePhilosophy ofScience(1996);andThePhilosophyofSexandLove withDonaldBorchertand Robert Trevas (1997). He has two entries, “Medical Ethics” and “Philosophy of Medicine,” in the 2nd edition of The Encyclopedia of Philosophy (2006). He served as Chair of Philosophy (2002–2011). Contents Preface to Series xi Introduction xiii PARTONE:AHISTORICALINTRODUCTION Chapter1:AHistoricalIntroduction:TheThreeWavesofFeminism ....................................3 JudyD.Whipps Professor,DepartmentsofLiberalStudiesandPhilosophy GrandValleyStateUniversity,MI PARTTWO:CENTRALTHEORETICALCONCEPTSOFFEMINISTPHILOSOPHY Chapter2:FeministPerspectivesonSexismandOppression ................................................37 DanielSilvermint AssistantProfessor,Philosophy&Women’s,Gender,andSexualityStudies UniversityofConnecticut,Storrs Chapter3:FeministPerspectivesonHumanNature ............................................................71 LoriWatson ProfessorofPhilosophy UniversityofSanDiego,CA Chapter4:FeministPerspectivesonPower,Domination,andExploitation ........................101 JulinnaOxley AssociateProfessorofPhilosophy CoastalCarolinaUniversity,Conway,SC Chapter5:Intersectionality:LocatingandCritiquingInternalStructures ofOppressionwithinFeminism ........................................................................................121 GraysonHunt AssistantProfessorofPhilosophy WesternKentuckyUniversity,BowlingGreen PARTTHREE:SUBFIELDSOFFEMINISTPHILOSOPHY Chapter6:FeministHistoryofPhilosophy........................................................................141 SusanneSreedhar AssociateProfessor,DepartmentofPhilosophy BostonUniversity,MA vii CONTENTS Chapter7:FeministEpistemologyandPhilosophyofScience ............................................167 NancyArdenMcHugh ProfessorandChair,DepartmentofPhilosophy WittenbergUniversity,Springfield,OH Chapter8:FeministEthics ...............................................................................................189 SarahClarkMiller AssociateProfessor,DepartmentofPhilosophyandWomen’s,Gender,andSexualityStudies PennsylvaniaStateUniversity,StateCollege Chapter9:FeministSocialandPoliticalPhilosophy ..........................................................215 ElizabethEdenberg PostdoctoralFellow,KennedyInstituteofEthics GeorgetownUniversity,Washington,DC EmilyMcGill-Rutherford AssistantProfessorofPhilosophy KeeneStateCollege,NH Chapter10:FeministMetaphysicsandPhilosophyofLanguage .........................................251 E.Díaz-León RamonyCajalResearcher,DepartmentofPhilosophy UniversityofBarcelona,Spain Chapter11:FeministPerspectivesonthePhilosophyofRace.............................................273 CeliaBardwell-Jones AssociateProfessor,DepartmentofPhilosophy UniversityofHawai‘iatHilo Chapter12:FeminismandDisability ................................................................................295 JoelMichaelReynolds RiceFamilyPostdoctoralFellowinBioethicsandtheHumanities TheHastingsCenter,Garrison,NY AnitaSilvers ProfessorandChair,DepartmentofPhilosophy SanFranciscoStateUniversity,CA Chapter13:FeministPerspectivesonReproductionandtheFamily ...................................317 AliceMacLachlan AssociateProfessorofPhilosophy YorkUniversity,Toronto,ON,Canada Chapter14:FeministPerspectivesonLGBTQITheory .....................................................345 MarenBehrensen PostdoctoralResearchAssistant InstituteforChristianSocialEthics(InstitutfürChristlicheSozialwissenschaften), UniversityofMünster(WestfälischeWilhelms-Universität),Germany Chapter15:FeministPhilosophyofReligion.....................................................................363 ElizabethBurns DepartmentofPhilosophy HeythropCollege,UniversityofLondon,UK viii MACMILLAN INTERDISCIPLINARY HANDBOOKS CONTENTS Chapter16:FeministEnvironmentalPhilosophy:Ecofeminism .........................................377 ErinMcKenna ProfessorofPhilosophy UniversityofOregon,Eugene Glossary ........................................................................................................................397 Index .............................................................................................................................405 PHILOSOPHY: FEMINISM ix Preface to Series Thisvolumeispartofaten-volumeseriesofinterdisciplinaryphilosophyhandbooksprepared especiallyforundergraduatecollegestudents.ThepublisheroftheseriesisCengageLearning, Inc., which holds the Macmillan Reference USA imprint under which the award-winning secondeditionoftheten-volumeEncyclopediaofPhilosophywaspublishedin2006.Ihadthe privilegeofservingaseditorinchiefforthatedition.NowIhavethehonorofservingaseditor inchiefofthishandbookseries.Furthermore,Ihavetheaddeddelightofcollaboratingonce again with Hélène Potter, Cengage’s associate publisher for reference works, who played a major role in the production of the Encyclopedia and is the person Cengage called upon to develop this new series of interdisciplinary philosophy handbooks. When Hélène Potter invited me to join her in this new publishing adventure, she described two features that would make these new philosophy handbooks truly innovative. First,philosophyhandbooksareusuallywrittenforanaudiencealreadyknowledgeable about philosophy: philosophy majors, graduate students, and professors. In contrast, the people for whom these handbooks have been prepared are undergraduate college students whohavehadlittleornoexposuretophilosophy.Eachhandbookprovidesanintroduction to a subfield of philosophy, an exploration of fifteen to twenty-five topics in that subfield, andbibliographiestoencouragestudentstoexplorethetopicsfurther.Inotherwords,each handbook combines some features of an introductory textbook with some features of a reference resource. The teacher-scholars who wrote the chapters in these volumes have workeddiligentlytomaketheirdiscussions comprehensibletophilosophicalnovicesandat the same time respectable in the eyes of philosophy scholars. Second,thewordinterdisciplinaryinthe title forthe projectsignalsthe otherinnovative aspect. Our project is interdisciplinary because it uses material from nonphilosophy disciplines—such as anthropology, film, history, literature, and other fields—to present illustrationsofhumanexperiencesthatraisethecrucialquestionsphilosopherstrytoaddress. These illustrations from nonphilosophy disciplines are used toinitiate philosophical analysis. This strategy seems to have been used by the ancient Greek philosopher Plato (427– 347BCE).Forexample,throughthelensofthetrialofSocrates,Platomasterfullyexplored vital philosophical questions. Socrates (470–399 BCE) engaged many leading citizens in public discourses in which he cleverly questioned their claims to possess important knowledge that enabled them to judge human affairs and guide society appropriately. His relentless questioning that exposed inpublic the flawed nature of the knowledge that these prominent citizens claimed to possess fomented increasing hostility toward Socrates. Eventually,Socrateswasputontrialin399BCEandchargedwithimpietytowardthe gods,turningmoralvaluesupsidedown,andteachinghissociallydisruptiveideastoothers xi