Studies in Applied Philosophy, Epistemology and Rational Ethics Vincent C. Müller   Editor Philosophy and Theory of Artificial Intelligence 2021 Studies in Applied Philosophy, Epistemology and Rational Ethics Volume 63 Editor-in-Chief LorenzoMagnani,DepartmentofHumanities,PhilosophySection,Universityof Pavia,Pavia,Italy EditorialBoard AtochaAliseda,UniversidadNacionalAutónomadeMéxico(UNAM),Mexico, Mexico GiuseppeLongo,CNRS-EcoleNormaleSupérieure,CentreCavailles,Paris, France ChrisSinha,SchoolofForeignLanguages,HunanUniversity,Changsha,China PaulThagard,UniversityofWaterloo,Waterloo,Canada JohnWoods,UniversityofBritishColumbia,Vancouver,Canada Studies in Applied Philosophy, Epistemology and Rational Ethics (SAPERE) publishes new developments and advances in all the fields of philosophy, epistemology, and ethics, bringing them together with a cluster of scientific disciplines and technological outcomes: ranging from computer science to life sciences, from economics, law, and education to engineering, logic, and mathe- matics,frommedicinetophysics,humansciences,andpolitics.Theseriesaimsat covering all the challenging philosophical and ethical themes of contemporary society, making them appropriately applicable to contemporary theoretical and practical problems, impasses, controversies, and conflicts. Our scientific and technological era has offered “new” topics to all areas of philosophy and ethics– forinstanceconcerningscientificrationality,creativity,humanandartificialintelli- gence, social and folk epistemology, ordinary reasoning, cognitive niches and culturalevolution,ecologicalcrisis,ecologicallysituatedrationality,consciousness, freedom and responsibility, human identity and uniqueness, cooperation, altruism, intersubjectivityandempathy,spirituality,violence.Theimpactofsuchtopicshas been mainly undermined by contemporary cultural settings, whereas they should increasethedemandofinterdisciplinaryappliedknowledgeandfreshandoriginal understanding. In turn, traditional philosophical and ethical themes have been profoundly affected and transformed as well: they should be further examined as embeddedandappliedwithintheirscientificandtechnologicalenvironmentssoto update their received and often old-fashioned disciplinary treatment and appeal. Applying philosophy individuates therefore a new research commitment for the 21st century, focused on the main problems of recent methodological, logical, epistemological, and cognitive aspects of modeling activities employed both in intellectualandscientificdiscovery,andintechnologicalinnovation,includingthe computational tools intertwined with such practices, to understand them in a wide and integrated perspective. Studies in Applied Philosophy, Epistemology and RationalEthicsmeanstodemonstratethecontemporarypracticalrelevanceofthis novel philosophical approach and thus to provide a home for monographs, lecture notes,selectedcontributionsfromspecializedconferencesandworkshopsaswellas selectedPh.D.theses.Theserieswelcomescontributionsfromphilosophersaswell as fromscientists,engineers, and intellectuals interested inshowing how applying philosophycanincreaseknowledgeaboutourcurrentworld.Initialproposalscanbe senttotheEditor-in-Chief,Prof.LorenzoMagnani,[email protected]: (cid:129) Ashortsynopsisoftheworkortheintroductionchapter (cid:129) TheproposedTableofContents (cid:129) TheCVoftheleadauthor(s). Formoreinformation,[email protected]. IndexedbySCOPUS,zbMATH,SCImago,DBLP. AllbookspublishedintheseriesaresubmittedforconsiderationinWebofScience. Vincent C. Müller Editor Philosophy and Theory of Artificial Intelligence 2021 Editor VincentC.Müller Friedrich-AlexanderUniversity ofErlangen-Nuremberg(FAU) Erlangen,Germany ISSN 2192-6255 ISSN 2192-6263 (electronic) StudiesinAppliedPhilosophy,EpistemologyandRationalEthics ISBN 978-3-031-09152-0 ISBN 978-3-031-09153-7 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-09153-7 ©TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andTheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicensetoSpringerNature SwitzerlandAG2022 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsaresolelyandexclusivelylicensedbythePublisher,whether thewholeorpartofthematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuse ofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,and transmissionorinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilar ordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthors,andtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthisbook arebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsor theeditorsgiveawarranty,expressedorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforany errorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregardtojurisdictional claimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Dedicatedtothememoryofourcolleague andfriend IvicaCrnkovic (1955–2022) Advisory Editors AkinoriAbe,FacultyofLetters,ChibaUniversity,Chiba,Japan HanneAndersen,CentreforScienceStudies,AarhusUniversity,Aarhus,Denmark OtávioBueno,DepartmentofPhilosophy,UniversityofMiami,CoralGables,FL, USA MarceloDascal,DeptofPhilosophy,GilmanBuildin,TelAvivUniversity,TelAviv, Israel Gordana Dodig Crnkovic, Dep. of Computer Science and Engineering, Chalmers UniversityofTechnology,Gothenburg,Sweden Michel Ghins,Inst Supérieur de Philosophie, L3.06.01, Université Catholique de Louvain,Louvain-la-Neuve,Belgium MarcelloGuarini,DepartmentofPhilosophy,UniveristyofWindsor,Windsor,ON, Canada Ricardo Gudwin,Computer Eng. and Industrial Automation, State University of Campinas,Campinas,Brazil Albrecht Heeffer, Sarton Ctr for the History of Science, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium Gerhard Minnameier, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt, Hessen, Germany MargaretC.Morrison,TrinityCollege,UniversityofToronto,Toronto,ON,Canada YukioOhsawa,SchoolofEngineering,TheUniversityofTokyo,Tokyo,Japan SamiPaavola,FacultyofEducationalSciences,UniversityofHelsinki,HELSINKI, Finland WoosukPark,HumanitiesandSocialSciences,KAIST,Daejeon,Korea(Republic of) Luís Moniz Pereira, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa,CAPARICA,Portugal Ahti-Veikko Pietarinen, Dept. of Philosophy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Demetris Portides, Dept of Classics & Philosophy, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus AthanassiosRaftopoulos,Psychology,UniversityofCyprus,Nicosia,Cyprus vii viii AdvisoryEditors GerhardSchurz,DeptofPhilosophy,DCLPS,HeinrichHeineUniversity,Düsseldorf, Nordrhein-Westfalen,Germany CameronShelley,CentreforSociety,Technology&Values,UniversityofWaterloo, Waterloo,ON,Canada FrederikStjernfelt,CenterforSemiotics,UniversityofAarhus,AarhusC,Denmark MauricioSuárez,LogicandPhilosophyofScience,ComplutenseUniversity,Madrid, Spain JeroenvandenHoven,FacofTechnology,Policy&Management,DelftUniversity ofTechnology,Delft,Zuid-Holland,TheNetherlands Peter-Paul Verbeek, Department of Philosophy, University of Twente, Enschede, Overijssel,TheNetherlands MireilleHildebrandt,ErasmusMC,Rotterdam,TheNetherlands MichaelH.G.Hoffmann,SchoolofPublicPolicy,GeorgiaInstituteofTechnology, Atlanta,GA,USA Alfredo Pereira, Institute of Biosciences, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil DagmarProvijn,CentreforLogicandPhilosophy,GhentUniversity,Ghent,Belgium Joao Queiroz, Institute of Arts and Design, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, JuizdeFora,Brazil ColinTSchmidt,EnsamParisTech&LeMansUniversity,Laval,France NoraSchwartz, Department of Humanities, Universidad de Buenos Aires,Buenos Aires,Argentina MarionVorms,Pantheon-SorbonneUniversity,Paris,France Riccardo Viale, Economics, Management and Statistics, University of Milano- Bicocca,Milan,Italy Preface The papers in this volume result from the 4th conference on the ‘Philosophy and TheoryofArtificialIntelligence’(PT–AI)thatweorganisedinGothenburgon27– 28 September, 2021 (see http://www.pt-ai.org/). The local organisation was taken care of by Profs. Ivica Crnkovic and Gordana Dodig-Crnkovic, with support from ChalmersUniversityinGothenburg. Thisconferencehadbeenplannedforamuchearlierdate,butseveralthingsgotin theway,mostofalltheCOVIDpandemic.Eventually,wedecidedthatinsomewayor otherweshouldrunPT-AIin2021,andformostpeople,thiswasthefirstconference where actual physical presence was possible again, though with significant safety measures. It was the first PT-AI conference that was run in a hybrid online/onsite fashion (earlier conferences had already allowed online live listening to keynote talks). As a result of all this, the conference was a bit smaller than usual, with 60 submissions,ofwhich25werepresentedatthemeeting.Mythankstothecolleagues ontheprogrammecommitteewhoworkedhardonthedouble-blindreviewingand assured a very high academic level! The inspiring invited speakers were Virginia Dignum(Umeå,Sweden),MichaelLevin(Tufts,USA),DavidPapineau(KCL,UK), andShannonVallor(Edinburgh,UK). It was very good to see many new faces coming to the field, as well as some establishedphilosophersfromotherareasshowinganinterestinthephilosophyof AI—which is clearly moving into the mainstream now. The new people and the influencesfrommanydifferentdirectionsareclearlyenrichingthefieldandIexpect thistocontinue. I have to end on a bitter note: In February 2022, our co-organiser Ivica died suddenly.Itisextremelysadtoseesucharichlifecutshort,andmanypeopleleft behindwithahugegapintheirlives—firstofall,hiswifeandhischildren.Atthe sametime,IamalsogratefulthatIhadthechancetoknowIvicaandlearnfromhim, academicallyandasahumanbeing. Eindhoven,TheNetherlands VincentC.Müller April2022 http://www.sophia.de/ ix Contents Theory CognitiveArchitecturesBasedonNaturalInfo-Computation .......... 3 GordanaDodig-Crnkovic Artificial Intelligence Systems, Responsibility and Agential Self-Awareness .................................................... 15 LydiaFarina Models,Algorithms,andtheSubjectsofTransparency ................ 27 HajoGreif AutonomyofAttention ............................................. 39 KaisaKärki TowardOut-of-DistributionGeneralizationThroughInductive Biases ............................................................ 57 CaterinaMoruzzi Is There a Trade-Off Between Human Autonomy andthe‘Autonomy’ofAISystems? ................................. 67 CarinaPrunkl TowardsaTaxonomyfortheOpacityofAISystems .................. 73 AlessandroFacchiniandAlbertoTermine ValidatingNon-trivialSemanticPropertiesofAutonomousRobots ..... 91 JiˇríWiedermannandJanvanLeeuwen Ethics DignityinDigitalEthics ............................................ 107 MarcelBecker xi