PhilanthroPy for h ealth in China PhilanthroPiC and nonProfit StudieS dwight f. Burlingame and david C. hammack, editors Thomas adam, editor. Philanthropy, Patronage, and Civil Society: Experiences from Germany, Great Britain, and North America albert B. anderson. Ethics for Fundraisers Peter M. ascoli. Julius Rosenwald: The Man Who Built Sears, Roebuck and Advanced the Cause of Black Education in the American South Karen J. Blair. The Torchbearers: Women and Their Amateur Arts Associations in America, 1890–1930 eleanor Brilliant. Private Charity and Public Inquiry: A History of the Filer and Peterson Commissions dwight f. Burlingame, editor. The Responsibilities of Wealth dwight f. Burlingame and dennis young, editors. Corporate Philanthropy at the Crossroads Charles t. Clotfelter and Thomas ehrlich, editors. Philanthropy and the Nonprofit Sector in a Changing America ruth Crocker. Mrs. Russell Sage: Women’s Activism and Philanthropy in Gilded Age and Progressive Era America Marcos Cueto, editor. Missionaries of Science: The Rockefeller Foundation and Latin America William damon and Susan Verducci, editors. Taking Philanthropy Seriously: Beyond Noble Intentions to Responsible Giving Gregory eiselein. Literature and Humanitarian Reform in the Civil War Era helen Gilbert and Chris tiffin, editors. Burden or Benefit?: Imperial Benevolence and Its Legacies richard B. Gunderman. We Make a Life by What We Give david C. hammack, editor. Making the Nonprofit Sector in the United States: A Reader david C. hammack and Steven heydemann, editors. Globalization, Philanthropy, and Civil Society: Projecting Institutional Logics Abroad Jerome l. himmelstein. Looking Good and Doing Good: Corporate Philanthropy and Corporate Power Warren f. ilchman, Stanley n. Katz, and edward l. Queen ii, editors. Philanthropy in the World’s Traditions Warren f. ilchman, alice Stone ilchman, and Mary hale tolar, editors. The Lucky Few and the Worthy Many: Scholarship Competitions and the World’s Future Leaders Thomas h. Jeavons. When the Bottom Line Is Faithfulness: Management of Christian Service Organizations amy a. Kass, editor. The Perfect Gift amy a. Kass, editor. Giving Well, Doing Good: Readings for Thoughtful Philanthropists ellen Condliffe lagemann, editor. Philanthropic Foundations: New Scholarship, New Possibilities daniel C. levy. To Export Progress: The Golden Age of University Assistance in the Americas Mike W. Martin. Virtuous Giving: Philanthropy, Voluntary Service, and Caring Kathleen d. McCarthy, editor. Women, Philanthropy, and Civil Society Marc a. Musick and John Wilson, editors. Volunteers: A Social Profile Mary J. oates. The Catholic Philanthropic Tradition in America robert S. ogilvie. Voluntarism, Community Life, and the American Ethic J. B. Schneewind, editor. Giving: Western Ideas of Philanthropy William h. Schneider, editor. Rockefeller Philanthropy and Modern Biomedicine: International Initiatives from World War I to the Cold War Bradford Smith, Sylvia Shue, Jennifer lisa Vest, and Joseph Villarreal. Philanthropy in Communities of Color david horton Smith, robert a. Stebbins, and Michael a. dover, editors. A Dictionary of Nonprofit Terms and Concepts david h. Smith. Entrusted: The Moral Responsibilities of Trusteeship david h. Smith, editor. Good Intentions: Moral Obstacles and Opportunities Jon Van til. Growing Civil Society: From Nonprofit Sector to Third Space andrea Walton. Women and Philanthropy in Education This page intentionally left blank PhilanthroPy for health in China edited by Jennifer ryan lincoln C. Chen tony Saich foreword by Peter Geithner and Wang Zhenyao indiana University Press Bloomington & indianapolis This book is a publication of indiana university Press office of Scholarly Publishing herman B Wells library 350 1320 east 10th Street Bloomington, indiana 47405 uSa iupress.indiana.edu Telephone 800-842-6796 Fax 812-855-7931 © 2014 by The China Medical Board all rights reserved no part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. The association of american university Presses’ resolution on Permissions constitutes the only exception to this prohibition. The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the american national Standard for information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed library Materials, anSi Z39.48-1992. Manufactured in the united States of america library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication data Philanthropy for health in China / edited by Jennifer ryan, lincoln C. Chen, and tony Saich. p. ; cm. — (Philanthropic and nonprofit studies) includes bibliographical references and index. iSBn 978-0-253-01442-9 (cloth : alk. paper) — iSBn 978-0-253- 01450-4 (pbk. : alk. paper) — iSBn 978-0-253-01458-0 (ebook) i. ryan, Jennifer, [date] editor of compilation. ii. Chen, lincoln C., editor of compilation. iii. Saich, tony, editor of compilation. iV. Series: Philanthropic and nonprofit studies. [dnlM: 1. delivery of health Care—economics—China. 2. Gift Giving—China. 3. delivery of health Care—history— China. 4. history, 20th Century—China. 5. history, 21st Century— China. 6. organizations, nonprofit—China. W 84 JC6] ra395.C53 362.10951—dc23 2014000904 1 2 3 4 5 19 18 17 16 15 14 Contents foreword / Peter Geithner and Wang Zhenyao ix introduction: Philanthropy for health in China: Distinctive roots and future Prospects / lincoln C. Chen, Jennifer ryan, and tony Saich 1 Part i. revitalization after Collapse 1 Th e Collapse and reemergence of Private Philanthropy in China, 1949–2012 / Wang Zhenyao and Zhao yanhui 19 2 Th e Shifting Balance of Philanthropic Policies and regulations in China / Mark Sidel 40 3 C hanging health Problems and health Systems: Challenges for Philanthropy in China / Vivian lin and Bronwyn Carter 57 Part ii. Chinese roots and foreign engagement 4 M edicine with a Mission: Chinese roots and foreign engagement in health Philanthropy / Zhang Xiulan and Zhang lu 83 5 american foundations in twentieth-Century China / Zi Zhongyun and Mary Brown Bullock 101 6 C onnecting Philanthropy with innovation: China in the first half of the twentieth Century / Darwin h. Stapleton 120 7 international Philanthropic engagement in Three Stages of China’s response to hiV/aiDS / ray yip 137 8 Gender and reproductive health in China: Partnership with foundations and the United nations / Joan Kaufman, Mary ann Burris, eve W. lee, and Susan Jolly 155 9 foreign Philanthropic initiatives for tobacco Control in China / Jeffrey P. Koplan and Pamela redmon 175 Part iii. transitions and Prospects 10 GonGos in the development of health Philanthropy in China / deng Guosheng and Zhao Xiaoping 197 11 The red Cross Society of China: Past, Present, and future / Caroline reeves 214 12 More than Mercy Money: Private Philanthropy for Special health needs / li fan 234 13 Charitable donations for health and Medical Services from hong Kong to Mainland China / david faure 250 14 toward a healthier Philanthropy: reforming China’s Philanthropic Sector / Xu yongguang 268 Glossary 281 Contributors 285 index 289 foreword W e are pleased to launch this volume on the frontier challenges of health philanthropy in China. in many respects, this theme has grown in significance. Given the extraordinary growth of China’s economy and the consequent accu- mulation of private wealth, China has achieved the necessary preconditions for the blossoming of private philanthropy. also, China has recently embarked on a massive reform of its national health care system to achieve universal coverage with equity. That is a daunting chal- lenge for the most populous country in the world, one which would benefit from the contribution of private philanthropy. national health need and philanthrop- ic opportunity underscore that health philanthropy in China is a highly salient subject matter for both academic study and professional practice. We have come together to co-organize this volume because of shared vision and experiences. one of us (PG) has devoted nearly four decades to professional philanthropic work in asia. PG served as the founding resident representative of the ford foundation in China starting in 1987, and has continued China en- gagement over the past 25 years with a host of academic, nongovernmental, and philanthropic organizations. PG also serves as senior advisor for management at the China Medical Board, which provides a direct link to this volume. another of us (WZy) is Professor at Beijing normal University, heading the university’s one foundation Philanthropy research institute. Previously, WZy was the director of the Department of Social Welfare and Charity Promotion in the Ministry of Civil affairs, the principal government regulatory body for non- profit organizations, including private foundations. WZy is a leader and among the most knowledgeable about the growth and emergence of private philanthro- py in China. Through our longstanding collaborative relationship, we have come together as partners in designing and organizing this volume in celebration of the one hundredth anniversary of the China Medical Board. We commissioned a series of chapters on health philanthropy in China, and the invited contributors shared views in two authors’ workshops. The 14 chapters that were produced have been organized around three core themes. We are thankful to lincoln Chen, Jennifer ryan, and tony Saich, who joined us by undertaking the editorial work. They in turn were greatly assisted by holly Chang of Golden Bridges, who provided logistical support and facilitated the authors’ workshops; and Stephen ford, Duncan harte, Sun taiyi, David tea, ix