$1.95 i A Doubleday Anchor Original PHENOMENOLOGY The Philosophy of Edmund Husserl and Its Interpretation EDITED BY JOSEPH J. KOCKELMANS Anchor Books DOUBLEDAY & COMPANY, INC. Garden City, New York PHENOMENOLOGY Joseph I. Kockelmans was born in The Netherlands in 1923. After receiving his Ph.D. in 1952 he studied mathematics and physics for five years, followed by three years of advanced study in contemporary philosophy. Dr. Kockelmans was pro fessor of philosophy at the Agricultural University of Wagen ingen (The Netherlands) before coming to the United States. He has since taught philosophy at the New School for Social Research and is currently teaching at the University of Pittsburgh. Dr. Kockelmans has published two books and several ar ticles in the realm of philosophy of science; one of the books, a study on the special theory of relativity, was awarded the gold medal of Teylers Tweede Genootschap in 1956. His most recent publications are in the area of contemporary con tinental European philosophy and include, in addition to many articles, two books on Heidegger's philosophy, one on Hus sed's philosophy, and one on Hussed's phenomenological psychology. THE ANCHOR BOOKS EDITION IS TIlE FIRST PUBLICATION OF PHENOMENOLOGY THE PH,r,OSOPHY OF EDMUND HUSSERL I 'AND ITS INTERPRETATION ANCHOR BOOKS EDITION: 1967 LmRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG CARD ~BER 67-21704 COPYRIGHT © 1967 BY JOSEPH J. KOCKBLMANS ALL RIGHTS RESERVED PRINTED IN TIlE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA PREFACE What the reader is about to encounter in the pages of this anthology is not, as it might seem initially, a collection of essays written by various phenomenologists on a variety of typically phenomenological topics-. Instead, the material that appears here was chosen for the contribution it could make toward the answering of one vital question: What is phe nomenology? Some may wonder if indeed an entire anthology is required to provide an answer to what appears a not-too difficult question, especially since some authors have already undertaken with considerable success the task of exploring and explaining the work of Edmund Husserl and the phe nomenological movement for which he is radically responsi ble. However, the truth is that despite the existence of some excellent attempts to delineate just what phenomenology is, and in just what realms of investigation its application has proved fruitful, many all-important" questions have remained unanswered. And without these answers, phenomenology's full meaning continues to be elusive. What phenomenology is, and in what areas of inquiry it has exercised an important influence, are questions so intricate and comprehensive in nature that no one-volume anthology such as this can provide the final word on the subject. How ever, the present collection can make a substantial contribu tion toward this end, especially by its deliberate one-sidedness: the editor has, in the main, limited the discussion to papers that deal with Husserl's conception of phenomenology as he developed it between 1907 and 1931 and as he explained it in his own major publications, Ideas, Formal and Transcen dental Logic, and Cartesian Meditations. To compensate, min imally, for this one-sidedness, a few selections are included that deal with some of the major ideas of Hussert's Logical Investigations (1900-1), and some of the important topics that came to the fore in his later philosophy and are sub stantially contained in manuscripts written between 1925 and 1938. 6 PHENOMENOLOGY To illustrate the further development of Husserl's con ception of phenomenology, I have elected to present here the insights of representatives of the so-called existential phenomenological movement. Because of its actual infiuence on the contemporary scene, the ideas of that movement are in my opinion of greater importance than those of Scheler, Pflinder, Geiger, Ingarden, and Conrad-Martius, nonetheless important phenomenologists also. In the area of French exis tential phenomenology, the choices have been limited to the work of the two leading phenomenologists, Sartre and Merleau-Ponty, thereby excluding the contributions to phe nomenology of Marcel, Ricoeur, and Levinas, among others. In an attempt to render the views of Sartre and Merleau Ponty more understandable, I have included selections deal ing with Heidegger's position within the phenomenological movement as a whole, but in doing so have once again chosen only what seemed absolutely necessary to achieve the goal of the anthology. For simplicity's sake, I have grouped these selections under the heading "existential-phenomenology," al though such a label is not adequate insofar as Heidegger's philosophy as a whole is concerned. Lastly, I have included certain selections on Heidegger's hermeneutic phenomenology because his monumental work Being and Time, as well as his mostly implicit criticism of Husserl's phenomenology, has so deeply influenced the points of view adopted by Sartre and Merleau-Ponty. As a final word in this brief attempt to provide a frame of reference for approaching the anthology, the reader may wish to know that in dealing with the adaptation of phenomenology to realms of investigation outside philosophy, I have not men tioned Husserl's studies on mathematics, logic, and the physi cal sciences, nor Becker's and Geiger's phenomenological in quiries in the field of mathematics, nor my own investiga tions concerning the relationship between phenomenology and physical science, nor Buytendijk's contribution to the biologi cal sciences, nor, finally, the very important studies on psy chiatry and on religion made by such eminent scholars as Jaspers, Minkowski, Binswanger, Straus, Boss, Scheler, and Tillich. I have preferred to focus attention upon the sciences PREFACE 7 of man in general, choosing psychology in particular as a paradigm. It goes without saying that many outstanding studies which would have been appropriate have not been included. In some instances length was the prohibitive factor; in others it was not possible to secure permission for reprint. Nevertheless, I be lieve that this anthology, intended as a first introduction to the effort to answer the question" what is phenomenology?, gives a clear idea of what is going on within the most impor tant trends of the phenomenological movement. The material contained in this anthology was drawn from a wide variety of sources so that the reader will find a cer tain variety in spelling and style, as well as in the quotation of literature in the footnotes. In view of the copyrights of the material used I have reprinted each selection exactly and without changes except for the correction of typographical errors and' some obvious mistakes, and changes in the num bering of the footnotes where this appeared to be necessary. Grateful acknowledgment is made to the publishers, au thors, and translators represented here for their generosity in granting permission to reprint selections from copyright ma terial and for their kind cooperation throughout the work. The author is especially indebted to Mrs.- Kay Scheuer, Phi losophy Editor of Anchor Books, for her support and enthu siasm for this project, and for her unremitting cooperation in bringing it to this final form. Joseph J. Kockelmans, Ph.D. Department of Philosophy University of Pittsburgh October 25, 1966 CONTENTS Preface 5 PART I: THE PHENOMENOLOGY OF EDMUND HUSSERL Introduction 17 1. Biographical Note 17 2. The Husserl-Archives 20 3. Selective Bibliography 21 I. What Is Phenomenology? 24 Some" Fundamental Themes of Husserl's Phe nomenology JOSEPH J. KOCKELMANS 24 II. Husserl and Philosophic Radicalism 37 The Ideal of a Presuppositionless Philosophy MARVIN FARBER 37 III. Phenomenological Reduction 58 Husserl's Transcendental-Phenomenological Re duction RICHARD SCHMITT 58 The Thesis of the Natural Standpoint and Its Suspension EDMUND HUSSERL 68 IV. Essences and Eidetic Reduction 80 Introduction 80 Intuition of Essences EMMANUEL LEVINAS 83 10 PHENOMENOLOGY On Eidetic Reduction EDMUND HUSSERL 105 V. Intentionality, Constitution, and Intentional Analysis 118 On the Intentionality oj Consciousness ARON GURWITSCH 118 Intentional and Constitutive Analyses JOSEPH J. KOCKELMANS 137 Some Results oj HusserI's Investigations DORION CAIRNS 147 VI. Evidence 150 On Evidence QUENTIN LAUER 150 Phenomenology oj Reason EDMUND HUSSERL 158 VII. Intersubjectivity 167 The Other Explained Intentionally QUENTIN LAUER 167 VIII. Transcendental Idealism 183 HusserI's Transcendental Idealism JOSEPH J. KOCKELMANS 183 IX. Life-World and World-Experiencing Life 194 Introduction 194 Intentionality, Reduction, and Intentional Analy- sis in HusserI's Later Manuscripts GERD BRAND 197