PHASE DIAG~~WS IN ADVANCED CERAMICS A VOLUME OF THE TREATISE ON MATERIALS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY TREATISE EDITORS HERBERT HERMAN GERNOT KOSTORZ Department of Materials Science Institut fiir Angewandte Physik and Engineering ETH-Honggerberg State University of New York Ziirich, Switzerland at Stony Brook Stony Brook, New York ADVISORY BOARD M.E. FINE P.B. HIRSCH, FRS Department of Materials Science Metallurgy and Metal Science Northwestern University Department Evanston, Illinois Oxford University Oxford, England A.N. GOLAND J.B. WACHTMAN DePartment of Physics Department of Ceramic Science/ Brookhaven National Laboratories Engineering Upton, New York Rutgers-The State University New Brunswick, New Jersey PHASE DIAGRAMS IN ADVANCED CERAMICS Edited by ALLEN M. ALPER 0 SRA M S YL VA NIA, In c. Chemical and Metallurgical Products Towanda, Pennsylvania J ACADEMIC PRESS San Diego New York Boston London Sydney Tokyo Toronto This book is printed on acid-free paper. @ Copyright (cid:14)9 1995 by ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Academic Press, Inc. A Division of Harcourt Brace & Company 525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, California 92101-4495 United Kingdom Edition published by Academic Press Limited 24-28 Oval Road, London NW1 7DX Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Phase diagrams in advanced ceramics / edited by Allen M. Alper. p. cm. -- (Treatise on materials science and technology) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-12-341834-8 1. Ceramics. 2. Ceramic materials. 3. Phase diagrams. I. Alper, Allen., date. II. Series: Treatise on materials science and technology (unnumbered) TP810.5.P48 1995 666-dc20 94-28600 CIP PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 94 95 96 97 98 99 QW 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 This book is dedicated to Vincent A. St. Onge who has been a mentor and coach in my business growth and development This Page Intentionally Left Blank Contents CONTRIBUTORS PREFACE Phase Chemistry in the Development of Transparent Polycrystalline Oxides W. H. Rhodes I. Introduction 1 II. Yttria 2 III. Alumina 15 IV. Magnesium Aluminate 23 V. Aluminum Oxynitride Spinel 28 VI. Lead-Lanthanum-Zirconium-Titanate 32 VII. Conclusions 38 References 39 The Use of Phase Diagrams to Predict Alkali Oxide Corrosion of Ceramics Jesse J. Brown, Jr. I. Introduction 43 II. Literature Review 44 III. Predictions of Alkali Corrosion of Alumino-Silicate Refractories Using Phase Diagrams 74 IV. Comparison of Predicted Na20 Corrosion of Alumino-Silicate Refractories with Experimental Results 79 V. Conclusions 80 References 81 vii viii CONTENTS Application of Phase Diagrams to the Production of Advanced Composites William B. Johnson and Alan S. Nagelberg I. Introduction 85 II. Review of the Directed Metal Oxidation Process 88 III. Thermochemical Considerations of Matrix Formation 95 IV. Phase Equilibria in Carbide/Boride Systems 112 V. Conclusion 121 References 122 Use of Phase Diagrams in the Study of Silicon Nitride Ceramics Tseng-Ying Tien I. Introduction 127 II. Representation of Silicon Nitride-Metal Oxides Systems 128 III. Si3Na-Metal Oxide Systems 131 IV. Alloy Design 140 V. Conclusion 154 References 155 The Use of Phase Studies in the Development of Whiskers and Whisker-Reinforced Ceramics Aleksander J. Pyzik and Alan M. Hart I. Introduction 157 II. Whiskers and Ceramic Matrix Whisker-Reinforced Composites 160 III. Ceramics Toughened by in Situ Synthesized Whiskers 195 IV. Self-Reinforced Ceramics 199 V. Conclusion 221 References 222 Index 227 Contributors Numbers in parentheses indicate the pages on which the authors' contributions begin. JEssE J. BRowN, JR. (43), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061 ALAN M. HART (157), Dow Chemical Company, Central Research and Development, Advanced Ceramics Laboratory, Midland, Michigan 48674 WILLIAM B. JOHNSON (85), Lanxide Corporation, Newark, Delaware 19714 ALAN S. NAGELBERG (85), Lanxide Corporation, Newark, Delaware 19714 ALEKSANDER J. PYZIK (157), Dow Chemical Company, Central Research and Development, Advanced Ceramics Laboratory, Midland, Michigan 48674 W. H. RHODES (1), OSRAM SYLVANIA, Inc., Danvers, Massachusetts 01923 TSENG-YIN6 TIEN (127), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109