Pharmacotherapy of Depression Second Edition wwwwwwwww Domenic A. Ciraulo • Richard Irwin Shader Editors Pharmacotherapy of Depression Second Edition Editors Domenic A. Ciraulo Richard Irwin Shader Boston University School of Medicine Tufts University School of Medicine Boston, MA Boston, MA USA USA ISBN 978-1-60327-434-0 e-ISBN 978-1-60327-435-7 DOI 10.1007/978-1-60327-435-7 Springer New York Dordrecht Heidelberg London © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2004, 2011 All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Humana Press, c/o Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of going to press, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Humana Press is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Preface The first edition of the Pharmacotherapy of Depression was published in 2004 and the editors wish to express appreciation for the positive reviews of that book. The second edition is similar in organization to the first, but has undergone major revi- sions of every chapter, the addition of new chapters, and expansion of our expert contributors. We have tried to provide sufficient depth in our reviews of the research literature to support our clinical recommendations without burdening the reader with information that is not of clinical importance for the prescriber. The first chapter reviews the neurobiology of depression, which lays the ground- work for understanding the mechanisms of action of antidepressants. In the next chapter, we review the general principles guiding the diagnosis and medication treatment of unipolar depression. The clinical pharmacology of antidepressants is reviewed in some detail, supplemented by tables that provide information on dos- ing, indications, and metabolism. Augmentation strategies are reviewed, including the use of nontraditional agents. The chapters that follow address the use of antide- pressants in special populations, such as the elderly and depressed individuals with psychosis, bipolar disorder, substance abuse, and posttraumatic stress disorder. The complex issues involving the diagnosis and treatment of depression during preg- nancy are thoroughly reviewed in Chap. 8 and provide a synthesis of the scientific literature in the area, one that is noted for contradictory and controversial findings, and guidelines for prescribing. The following chapter provides an overview of the treatment of depression in the pediatric population, highlighting clinical concerns such as suicide risk. The book concludes with two chapters at the interface of medi- cine and psychiatry in the treatment of mood disorders: managing depression in primary care settings and depression associated with medical illnesses. We are indebted to the outstanding clinician scientists who have contributed to this volume. They all are leaders in their fields and represent a broad spectrum of institu- tions, including current and former NIMH senior scientists, Harvard Medical School, Boston University School of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, and Indiana University School of Medicine. The skill sets of the contributors include bench to bedside talents that have produced a strong scientific foundation that seam- lessly transitions into recommendations for clinical practice. The book is based on our courses and lectures on the clinical psychopharmacology of depression that we have developed for practicing physicians, residents in psychiatry, neurology, and medicine, v vi Preface as well as psychologists, medical students, social workers, nurses, mental health counselors, and graduate students. We are grateful for the feedback of our colleagues, trainees, and students, who have been essential in modifications of the content of this edition. The editors wish to thank Ms. Michele Procida for her ability to motivate us to complete this project. She was able to keep us directed, energized, and enthusiastic at times when progress stalled. She also tolerated late night emails and last minute manuscript changes with grace. We would also like to thank Ann Marie Ciraulo RN for her critical review of the content of the chapters, review of relevant literature, and helpful suggestions for modifications. We sincerely hope that the reader will find this book a helpful guide to treating depression. Boston, MA Domenic A. Ciraulo Boston, MA Richard Irwin Shader Contents Biological Theories of Depression and Implications for Current and New Treatments .................................................................. 1 David J. Goldstein, William Z. Potter, Domenic A. Ciraulo, and Richard I. Shader Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics of Antidepressants .................... 33 Domenic A. Ciraulo, Richard I. Shader, and David J. Greenblatt Antidepressant Treatment of Geriatric Depression ..................................... 125 Domenic A. Ciraulo, James A. Evans, Wei Qiao Qiu, Richard I. Shader, and Carl Salzman Treatment of Psychotic Disorders ................................................................. 185 Oliver Freudenreich and Donald C. Goff Treatment of Bipolar Depression ................................................................... 197 Robert M. Post Substance Abuse and Depression .................................................................. 239 John A. Renner, Jeffrey Baxter, Joji Suzuki, and Domenic A. Ciraulo Antidepressant Treatments in PTSD ............................................................. 275 Janet E. Osterman, Brandon Z. Erdos, Mark Oldham, and Ana Ivkovic Diagnosis and Treatment of Depression During Pregnancy and Lactation................................................................................ 309 Daniel Shaw Antidepressant Treatment of Pediatric Depression ..................................... 355 Ricardo M. Vela, Carol A. Glod, Timothy M. Rivinus, and Rebecca Johnson vii viii Contents Managing Depression in Primary Care ........................................................ 375 Larry Culpepper and Peggy Johnson Treatment of Depression in the Medically Ill ............................................... 399 Wei Jiang and K. Ranga Rama Krishnan Index ................................................................................................................. 415 Contributors Jeffrey Baxter, MD Department of Family Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA Domenic A. Ciraulo, MD Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, 720 Harrison Avenue, Suite 914, Boston, MA, USA Larry Culpepper, MD Department of Family Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA Brandon Z. Erdos, MD Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA James A. Evans, MD Department of Psychiatry, Harvard University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA Oliver Freudenreich, MD Schizophrenia Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Freedom Trail Clinic, Boston, MA, USA Carol A. Glod, PhD, APRN Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA Donald C. Goff, MD Schizophrenia Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Freedom Trail Clinic, Boston, MA, USA David J. Goldstein, MD, PhD Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Indiana University School of Medicine, and PRN Consulting, Indianapolis IN, USA ix