PHARAONIC OCCULTISM: THE RELATIONSHIP OF ESOTERICISM AND EGYPTOLOGY, 1875-1930 A Thesis presented to the Faculty of California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts in History by Kevin Todd McLaren September 2016 © 2016 Kevin Todd McLaren ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii COMMITTEE MEMBERSHIP TITLE: Pharaonic Occultism: The Relationship of Esotericism and Egyptology, 1875-1930 AUTHOR: Kevin Todd McLaren DATE SUBMITTED: September 2016 COMMITTEE CHAIR: Lewis Call, Ph.D. Associate Professor of History COMMITTEE MEMBER: Kathleen Murphy, Ph.D. Associate Professor of History COMMITTEE MEMBER: Paul Hiltpold, Ph.D. Professor of History iii ABSTRACT Pharaonic Occultism: The Relationship of Esotericism and Egyptology, 1875-1930 Kevin Todd McLaren The purpose of this work is to explore the interactions between occultism and scholarly Egyptology from 1875 to 1930. Within this timeframe, numerous esoteric groups formed that centered their ideologies on conceptions of ancient Egyptian knowledge. In order to legitimize their belief systems based on ancient Egyptian wisdom, esotericists attempted to become authoritative figures on Egypt. This process heavily impacted Western intellectualism not only because occult conceptions of Egypt became increasingly popular, but also because esotericists intruded into academia or attempted to overshadow it. In turn, esotericists and Egyptologists both utilized the influx of new information from Egyptological studies to shape their identities, consolidate their ideologies, and maintain authority on the value of ancient Egyptian knowledge. This thesis follows the Egypt-centered developments of the Freemasons, the Golden Dawn, Aleister Crowley's A∴A∴, the Theosophical Society, the Anthroposophical Society, and the Ancient Mystical Order Rosae Crucis to demonstrate that esotericism evolved simultaneously with academia as a body of knowledge. By examining these fraternal occult groups' interactions with Egyptology, it can be better understood how esotericism has affected Western intellectualism, how ideologies form in response to new information, and the effects of becoming an authority on bodies of knowledge (in particular Egyptological knowledge). In turn, embedded in this work is a challenge to those who have downplayed or overlooked the agency of esotericists in shaping the Western intellectual tradition and preserving the legacy of ancient Egypt. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................1. 1.1 Contextualizing Esotericism, Egyptology, and Their Interactions.....................5 2. FREEMASONRY AND EGYPTOLOGY....................................................................15 3. ANCIENT EGYPT AND EGYPTOLOGY IN SYNCRETIC BRITSH ESOTERICISM...........................................................................................................27 3.1 The Golden Dawn and Egyptology.................................................................30 3.2 Crowley, Thelema, the A∴A∴, and Their Egyptological Implications.........39 3.3 Reclaiming Egyptian Magic among Scholarly Egyptologists.........................49 4. THEOSOPHY, ANTHROPOSOPHY, AND EGYPTOLOGY TO DEFINE MODERNISM...........................................................................................................64 5. AMORC AS THE CHAMPION OF EGYPTOLOGICAL ESOTERICISM.................82 5.1 AMORC's Usage of History and Artifacts for Esoteric and Egyptological Legitimacy.......................................................................................................85 5.2 AMORC's Maintenance of Authority and Self-Preservation Through Egyptology....................................................................................................91 5.3 Rendering the AMORC a Modern Movement...............................................100 6. CONCLUSION............................................................................................................108 BIBLIOGRAPHY.............................................................................................................111 v 1 INTRODUCTION A perplexing characteristic of intellectual tradition in the Western World is the role of occultism in shaping and responding to scholarly Egyptology. Since ancient times, Egypt has been a primary influence for Western conceptions of magic, mysteriousness, and occult wisdom. By the late nineteenth century and into the twentieth century, study of Egypt was developed into the scholarly field of Egyptology within the academy but simultaneously maintained its status as a dominant base for occultism. The legacy of ancient Egypt, in turn, became a subject which Western esotericists and scholars used to define their own identities and determine the value of ancient knowledge. From this process, esotericists and scholars developed dynamic and influential ideologies which traversed each other's boundaries and occultism and Egyptology endured a complex relationship. The purpose of this work is to explore the connection of Western esotericism to Egyptology from roughly 1875 through 1930. Within this time span, esotericists formulated belief systems centered on ancient Egypt, and in order to do so, attempted to become authoritative figures on ancient Egyptian knowledge and wisdom. This process heavily impacted Western intellectualism, as Egypt-centered occultism not only became widespread but also drew from and intruded into academic Egyptology. Esoteric reliance on ancient Egypt and occult involvement with Egyptology are important aspects which should not be overlooked. By examining the interactions between occultism and Egyptology, one can better understand how esotericism has affected Western 1 intellectualism, how ideologies form in response to new influxes of information, and the effects of becoming an authority on bodies of knowledge. The few Egyptological scholars who have acknowledged the correlation between occultism and Egyptology have typically overlooked the importance of occultism in shaping Egyptological studies and the value in understanding the relationship dynamics of Western fraternal occult organizations and academic Egyptology. In actuality, many scholars have not only overlooked this aspect, but have specifically argued that little to no correlation exists between esotericism and Egyptology at all. For example, Erik Hornung argues that a wedge exists between scholarly Egyptologists and esotericists, as they maintain skepticism of each other and purposely maintain a disassociated relationship.1 In turn, to Hornung, esotericists' detachment from scholarly Egyptology has resulted in an "imaginary Egypt viewed as the profound source of esoteric lore," which for esotericists is allegedly steeped in fantastical constructs and a "timeless idea bearing only a loose relationship to the historical reality."2 Though Hornung (an Egyptologist) is open-minded to mending differences with esotericists, Hornung's standpoint maintains that scholarly Egyptology is accurate and legitimate, whereas esotericism is outdated and rooted in fantasy.3 This theme appears throughout many scholarly Egyptological sources: Egyptologists A.A. Barb, Geraldine Pinch, and Charlotte Booth all maintain that esoteric knowledge of ancient Egypt is obsolete, rooted in poor scholarship, and perpetuates fantastical myths about ancient Egypt.4 1 Erik Hornung, The Secret Lore of Egypt: Its Impact on the West, trans. David Lorton (Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 2001), 2-3. 2 Ibid., 3. 3 Ibid., 2-3. 4 A.A. Barb, "Mystery, Myth, and Magic," in The Legacy of Egypt, ed. J.R. Harris (1971; repr., New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), 168; Geraldine Pinch, Magic in Ancient Egypt, 2nd ed. (Austin, 2 Also overlooked by many scholars, the Egyptological distaste for esotericism reveals a broader trend regarding the reception of occultism in academia in general. As Wouter J. Hanegraaf points out, esotericism in academia is still treated as "the other," in which many scholars meet occultism with skepticism, distaste, or purposeful avoidance.5 In line with this reasoning, much of the existing Egyptological literature does draw a solid line between esotericism and academia. However, Hanegraaf argues that this process was deliberately initiated by scholars who, especially since the Enlightenment period, have singled out and exiled information from academia that does not fit within the spectrum of rational (scientific) thinking or monotheism, and have thus labeled this rejected information "esotericism."6 This standpoint, then, emphasizes that the separation of esotericism and academia is entirely because of the actions, motivations, and agency of scholars, and not esotericists. The viewpoints of the above scholars reveal problems in the understudied realm of occult and academic relations. In the case of Hornung and the other Egyptologists, esotericists are understood to contribute little to Egyptology, are seen as incapable of doing sufficient research, and supposedly stand in opposition to the progressive science of Egyptology (esotericism is considered outdated and obscure). Hanegraaf, in turn, attributes this attitude to the purposeful expulsion of all esotericism from academia in order to define scholarship specifically as anti-esoteric.7 These conclusions by scholars bring forth numerous unaddressed problems. First, each of these authors (Hornung, Barb, Texas: University of Texas Press, 2006), 175; Charlotte Booth, The Myth of Ancient Egypt (The Hill, Stroud, Gloucestershire, UK: Amberley Publishing, 2013), 7. 5 Wouter J. Hanegraaf, Esotericism and the Academy: Rejected Knowledge in Western Culture (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012), 3. 6 Hanegraaf, Esotericism and the Academy, 221, 230, 252-254, 369. 7 Ibid., 252-254. 3 Harris, Pinch, Booth, Hanegraaf) assume that esotericism, upon being rejected from the scholarly community, becomes stagnant, static, or idle. The rhetoric utilized among these authors conveys esotericism as dead-end information in the face of more prominent and organized scholarly circles. Second, the language and reasoning of these authors eliminates the agency of occultists themselves. This disregard for the motives of esotericists places the history of esotericism firmly in the hands of only academics, and not among esoteric groups. Third, none take into consideration how occult organizations have emulated scholarly modes of research and information dispersal in order to maintain direct competition with mainstream academia. Neglecting occult emulation of academic methods blurs whatever impact esoteric organizations may have had on Western intellectualism. Thus, contrary to the ideas of other scholars, I argue throughout this work that esotericism evolved simultaneously with academia, which becomes most evident when looking at the competitive relationship between scholarly Egyptology and fraternal occult orders from the late nineteenth to the early twentieth centuries. Contrary to the views of Egyptologists, fraternal occult organizations were not stagnant, and rather, developed alongside academia as an influential body of knowledge that had a large impact on Western intellectualism, in this case within the field of Egyptology. Whether or not the information from esoteric organizations was reliable, a steady flow of information to compete with Egyptological scholarship existed. Furthermore, contrary to Hanegraaf's standpoint, it should be pointed out that scholars were not the only party instrumental to the separation of esotericism and academia. Rather, by looking at occultists' willingness 4 to compete with Egyptological scholarship and by understanding their success in impacting Egyptology, it becomes clear that the formation of esotericism as a body of intellectual knowledge is in part the doing of esotericists themselves because of their desire to maintain informational authority to compete with academia. In order to highlight these processes, this work traces numerous occult organizations' interactions with Egyptology and Egyptological knowledge. The first section concentrates on mid-to-late nineteenth century Egyptology and the attempts among Freemasons to confirm Masonic ideals through Egyptological interpretations. The second portion of this work is dedicated to investigating the correlation between the British boom of Egyptology in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, and how prominent occult organizations (the Golden Dawn and the A∴A∴) attempted to maintain an authoritative stance by upholding occult practice over scholarly theory. The following section looks at the evolution of Theosophy and Anthroposophy from the late nineteenth through the mid twentieth centuries and the attempts of H.P Blavatsky and Rudolf Steiner to compete with Egyptology by updating esotericism with notions of science and religion to appeal to contemporaries. The final section deals with the Ancient Mystical Order Rosae Crucis of California from the early to mid twentieth century and demonstrates how the AMORC attempted to fully merge scholarly Egyptology with esotericism and succeeded. 1.1 Contextualizing Esotericism, Egyptology, and Their Interactions "Western esotericism" must be defined in order to understand its usage throughout 5