Petroleum Drilling Technology 石油钻井技术 Chang-Hong Gao 核红 Responsible Editor: Qunxia Wan 图书在版编目(CIP)数据 石油钻井技术 = Petroleum Drilling Technology: 英文 / 高长虹编. —北京：科学出版社, 2017. 6 Ⅰ. ①石… Ⅱ. ①高… Ⅲ. ①石油钻井–英文Ⅳ. ①TE2 中国版本图书馆CIP数据核字(2017)第138761号 Published by Science Press 16 Donghuangchenggen North Street Beijing 100717, P. R. China Printed in Beijing Copyright© 2017 by Science Press ISBN 978-7-03-053760-7 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner. 核红 Preface After some years of experiences in university and industry, the author realizes the need for a precise and concise guide book for drilling engineers and university students. This book covers the most important aspects of petroleum drilling technology. Chapter 1 introduces the components of rotary drilling system and top drive system. Chapter 2 discusses properties of drilling fluid and flow of drilling mud. Chapter 3 presents casing design method. Chapter 4 talks about the deviation tools and trajectory design for directional drilling. Chapter 5 introduces the mud hydraulics concepts and optimization process. Chapter 6 introduces underbalanced drilling method, followed by cementing and perforating operations in Chapter 7. Chapter 8 discusses the common problems encountered during drilling operations. Finally, Chapter 9 presents basic properties of oil, gas and rock. After reading this book, the readers gain valuable knowledge in modern drilling technology in the most concise and straightforward manner, without struggling through tedious and excessive descriptions. A few illustrative examples are included to make theories easy to understand. This book serves as a textbook for students studying petroleum engineering, as well as a reference book for engineers in drilling industry. The Author is grateful for the financial support from Shandong province government through the prestigious Taishan Scholar program. Dongying city government also provided financial support through Yellow River Delta Scholar program. Prof. Yonghong Liu & Dr. Renjie Ji Qingdao, China September, 2014 核红 ·ii· Petroleum Drilling Technology 核红 About the Author ·iii· About the Author Changhong Gao received his degrees in petroleum engineering from China University of Petroleum, University of Tulsa and Curtin University. He worked for Sinopec as a field engineer and research engineer. He also taught at United Arab Emirates University, University of Aberdeen and Petroleum Institute of Abu Dhabi. In 2013, he was elected Taishan Scholar by Shandong province government, as well as Yellow River Delta Scholar by Dongying city government. His teaching and research interests include drilling mud, production system design and enhanced oil recovery. He has published more than 30 journal papers and presented a few papers at SPE and APPEA conferences. If you hope to contact the author, please email him at: [email protected] 核红 ·iv· Petroleum Drilling Technology 核红 Contents ·v· Contents Preface ........................................................................................ Chapter 1 Drilling systems 1 ............................................................................................. 1.1 Hoisting system 1 ...................................................................... 1.1.1 Draw-works and wire rope 1 .............................................................. 1.1.2 Crown block and traveling block 2 ................................................................................................ 1.2 Rotary system 3 ........................................................................... 1.2.1 Kelly and kelly bushing 3 ................................................................................................... 1.2.2 Swivel 4 ......................................................................... 1.2.3 Drill pipe and drill collar 5 ................................................................................................ 1.2.4 Drill bits 6 ............................................................... 1.2.5 Other accessories on drill string 8 ............................................................................... 1.3 Mud circulation system 10 ............................................................................... 1.4 Solid control equipment 12 ......................................................................................... 1.4.1 Shale shaker 12 ............................................................................ 1.4.2 Desander and desilter 13 ............................................................................... 1.5 Well control equipment 15 ...................................................................... 1.6 Efficiency of hoisting system 18 .......................................................................................... 1.7 Top drive system 21 ........................................................................................... Chapter 2 Drilling mud 23 .................................................................................. 2.1 Types of drilling fluid 23 ..................................................................... 2.1.1 Water-based mud (WBM) 23 .......................................................................... 2.1.2 Oil-based mud (OBM) 24 .................................................................. 2.1.3 Synthetic-based mud (SBM) 24 ............................................................................. 2.2 Mud density calculations 24 ........................................... 2.3 Basics of Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluid 26 ............................................ 2.4 Laminar flow of Bingham plastic fluid in pipe 28 ...................................... 2.5 Laminar flow of Bingham plastic fluid in annulus 32 ............................................................... 2.6 Turbulent flow of mud in annulus 36 .................................................................................. 2.7 Flow through nozzles 36 ...................................................................................... 2.8 Mud measurements 37 ......................................................................................... 2.8.1 Mud density 37 ....................................................................................... 2.8.2 Mud viscosity 37 ................................................................................... 2.8.3 Mud filtrate loss 39 核红 ·vi· Petroleum Drilling Technology ............................................................................. 2.8.4 Other measurements 40 ......................................................................................... Chapter 3 Casing design 42 ........................................................................................ 3.1 Overburden stress 42 ............................................................................................... 3.2 Pore pressure 42 ......................................................................................... 3.3 Fracture pressure 43 .................................................................................. 3.4 Introduction to casing 45 .................................................................................... 3.5 Casing setting depth 48 .................................................................................... 3.6 Casing size selection 50 ............................................................................... 3.7 Casing grades selection 55 ................................................................................ Chapter 4 Directional drilling 63 .......................................................... 4.1 Reasons for drilling directional wells 63 ....................................................................... 4.2 Geometry of directional well 63 ........................................................................................... 4.3 Deflection tools 65 ......................................................................................... 4.4 Trajectory design 67 ...................................................................................... Chapter 5 Mud hydraulics 71 ................................................................... 5.1 Flow rate capacity requirement 72 ................................................................................... 5.2 Pressure requirement 74 ....................................................................... 5.3 Mud hydraulics optimization 75 ......................................................... 5.3.1 Maximum bit horsepower criterion 75 ........................................................ 5.3.2 Maximum jet impact force criterion 77 ........................................................ 5.3.3 Maximum nozzle velocity criterion 77 .................................................................................................. 5.4 Discussions 78 ......................................................................... Chapter 6 Underbalanced drilling 79 .............................................................. 6.1 Benefits of underbalanced drilling 79 .................................................... 6.2 How to achieve underbalanced condition 80 ............................................................... 6.3 Underbalanced drilling operations 81 ............................................. 6.4 Surface equipment for underbalanced drilling 82 .................................................................. Chapter 7 Cementing and perforation 84 .................................................................................... 7.1 Functions of cement 84 .......................................................................... 7.2 Selection of cement grades 85 ................................................................................... 7.3 Preparing the cement 86 ...................................................................................... 7.4 Cementing the well 87 ............................................................................................ 7.5 Well perforation 90 ..................................................... Chapter 8 Drilling problems and drilling costs 92 .................................................................................................... 8.1 Stuck pipe 92 核红 Contents ·vii· ........................................................................................... 8.2 Shale sloughing 92 ............................................................................................ 8.3 Lost circulation 93 ...................................................................................................... 8.4 Well kick 93 ............................................................................................... 8.5 Drilling costs 95 ................................................................................................. 8.5.1 Leases 95 .................................................................................... 8.5.2 Site preparation 95 ......................................................................................... 8.5.3 Well drilling 95 ................................................................................... 8.5.4 Rig mobilization 95 .............................................................................. 8.5.5 Miscellaneous costs 96 .................................................... Chapter 9 Properties of hydrocarbon and rock 98 ............................................................................................. 9.1 Phase behavior 99 ....................................................................................... 9.1.1 Oil reservoir 100 ...................................................................................... 9.1.2 Gas reservoir 100 ............................................................................ 9.2 Properties of natural gas 101 ...................................................................................... 9.2.1 Ideal gas law 101 ........................................................................... 9.2.2 Properties of real gas 102 ......................................................................... 9.2.3 Compressibility of gas 104 ............................................................... 9.2.4 Gas formation volume factor 105 ...................................................................................... 9.2.5 Gas viscosity 106 ............................................................................... 9.3 Properties of crude oil 106 ............................................................................. 9.3.1 Oil specific gravity 106 ........................................................................................ 9.3.2 API gravity 107 ........................................................................... 9.3.3 Solution gas oil ratio 107 ................................................................ 9.3.4 Oil formation volume factor 108 ....................................................................................... 9.3.5 Oil viscosity 109 .................................................................................. 9.4 Basic rock properties 110 .............................................................................................. 9.4.1 Porosity 110 ........................................................................................ 9.4.2 Permeability 110 .................................................... 9.4.3 Electrical conductivity and resistivity 111 ........................................................................................................ Main References 113 ................................................................................................................. Appendix A 114 ................................................................................................................. Appendix B 115 ................................................................................................................ Appendix C 116 ................................................................................................................ Appendix D 117 核红 · viii· Petroleum Drilling Technology 核红