Peterson’s Principles of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery - Third Edition Editors Michael Miloro, DMD, MD, FACS G. E. Ghali, DDS, MD, FACS Peter E. Larsen, DDS Peter D. Waite, MPH, DDS, MD, FACS 2011 PEOPLE’S MEDICAL PUBLISHING HOUSE—USA SHELTON, CONNECTICUT People’s Medical Publishing House-USA 2 Enterprise Drive, Suite 509 Shelton, CT 06484 Tel: 203-402-0646 Fax: 203-402-0854 E-mail: [email protected] © 2011 PMPH-USA, Ltd. All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior written permission of the publisher. 11 12 13 14/9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ISBN-13: 978-1-60795-111-7 Printed in China by People’s Medical Publishing House Copyeditor/Typesetter: Spearhead Global, Inc. Cover designer: Mary McKeon Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data Peterson’s principles of oral and maxillofacial surgery.—3rd ed. / editors, Michael Miloro ... [et al.]. p. ; cm. Principles of oral and maxillofacial surgery Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-60795-111-7 I. Miloro, Michael. II. Peterson, Larry J., 1942 III. Title: Principles of oral and maxillofacial surgery. [DNLM: 1. Oral Surgical Procedures. 2. Face—surgery. 3. Facial Bones—surgery. 4. Stomatognathic System—surgery. WU 600] LC classification not assigned 617.5(cid:2)2059—dc23 2011032524 Notice: The authors and publisher have made every effort to ensure that the patient care recommended herein, including choice of drugs and drug dosages, is in accord with the accepted standard and practice at the time of publication. However, since research and regulation constantly change clinical standards, the reader is urged to check the product information sheet included in the package of each drug, which includes recommended doses, warnings, and contraindications. This is particularly important with new or infrequently used drugs. Any treatment regimen, particularly one involving medication, involves inherent risk that must be weighed on a case-by-case basis against the benefits anticipated. The reader is cautioned that the purpose of this book is to inform and enlighten; the information contained herein is not intended as, and should not be employed as, a substitute for individual diagnosis and treatment. Sales and Distribution Canada Australia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Fiji, Tonga, McGraw-Hill Ryerson Education Solomon Islands, Cook Islands Customer Care Woodslane Pty Limited 300 Water St Unit 7/5 Vuko Place Whitby, Ontario L1N 9B6 Warriewood NSW 2102 Canada Australia Tel: 1-800-565-5758 Tel: 61-2-9970-5111 Fax: 1-800-463-5885 Fax: 61-2-9970-5002 www.mcgrawhill.ca www.woodslane.com.au Foreign Rights Brazil John Scott & Company SuperPedido Tecmedd International Publisher’s Agency Beatriz Alves, Foreign Trade P.O. Box 878 Department Kimberton, PA 19442 R. Sansao Alves dos Santos, 102 | 7th fl oor USA Brooklin Novo Tel: 610-827-1640 Sao Paolo 04571-090 Fax: 610-827-1671 Brazil Japan Tel: 55-16-3512-5539 United Publishers Services Limited www.superpedidotecmedd.com.br 1-32-5 Higashi-Shinagawa India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Malaysia Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-0002 CBS Publishers Japan 4819/X1 Prahlad Street 24 Tel: 03-5479-7251 Ansari Road, Darya Ganj, Fax: 03-5479-7307 New Delhi-110002 Email: [email protected] India Tel: 91-11-23266861/67 United Kingdom, Europe, Middle East, Africa Fax: 91-11-23266818 McGraw Hill Education Email:[email protected] Shoppenhangers Road Maidenhead People’s Republic of China Berkshire, SL6 2QL People’s Medical Publishing House England International Trade Department Tel: 44-0-1628-502500 No. 19, Pan Jia Yuan Nan Li Fax: 44-0-1628-635895 Chaoyang District www.mcgraw-hill.co.uk Beijing 100021 P.R. China Singapore, Th ailand, Philippines, Indonesia Tel: 8610-67653342 Vietnam, Pacifi c Rim, Korea Fax: 8610-67691034 McGraw-Hill Education www.pmph.com/en/ 60 Tuas Basin Link Singapore 638775 Tel: 65-6863-1580 Fax: 65-6862-3354 www.mcgraw-hill.com.sg Contents Preface ix Chapter 9 Editors xiii Implant Prosthodontics 201 Contributors xv Thomas J. Salinas SECTION 1 Chapter 10 Medicine, Surgery, and Anesthesia 1 Th e Science of Osseointegration 229 Craig M. Misch and Carl E. Misch Section Editor: Peter E. Larsen, DDS Chapter 11 Chapter 1 Comprehensive Implant Site Preparation 269 Wound Healing 3 Ole T. Jensen Vivek Shetty and Charles N. Bertolami Chapter 12 Chapter 2 Soft Tissue Management in Implant Th erapy 283 Medical Management and Preoperative Patient Anthony G. Sclar Assessment 17 Steven M. Roser and Gary F. Bouloux Chapter 13 Craniofacial Implant Surgery 303 Chapter 3 Douglas P. Sinn, Edmond Bedrossian, and Allison Vest Pharmacology of Outpatient Anesthesia Medications 43 SECTION 3 Steven I. Ganzberg Maxillofacial Trauma 323 Chapter 4 Section Editor: Peter E. Larsen, DDS Outpatient Anesthesia 63 Kevin J. Butterfi eld, Jeff rey D. Bennett, and Jeff rey B. Dembo Chapter 14 Initial Management of the Trauma Patient 325 SECTION 2 Michael P. Powers and John R. Gusz Dentoalveolar and Implant Surgery 95 Chapter 15 Section Editor: Peter D. Waite, MPH, DDS, MD, FACD Soft Tissue Injuries 357 Alan S. Herford and G.E. Ghali Chapter 5 Impacted Teeth 97 Chapter 16 Gregory M. Ness Rigid versus Nonrigid Fixation 373 Chapter 6 Edward Ellis III Preprosthetic and Reconstructive Surgery 123 Chapter 17 Daniel B. Spagnoli and John C. Nale Management of Alveolar and Dental Fractures 387 Chapter 7 Richard D. Leathers and Reginald E. Gowans Pediatric Dentoalveolar Surgery 159 Carl Bouchard, Maria J. Troulis, and Leonard B. Kaban Chapter 18 Contemporary Management of Mandibular Fractures 407 Chapter 8 R. Bryan Bell Utilization of Th ree-dimensional Imaging Technology to Enhance Maxillofacial Chapter 19 Surgical Applications 179 Fractures of the Mandibular Condyle 441 Scott D. Ganz Leon A. Assael v vi Contents Chapter 20 Chapter 32 Management of Maxillary Fractures 455 Oral Cancer Treatment 693 Larry L. Cunningham, Jr. Jon D. Holmes and Eric J. Dierks Chapter 21 Chapter 33 Lip Cancer 727 Management of Zygomatic Complex Fractures 465 Jonathan S. Bailey David M. Montes and G. E. Ghali Chapter 34 Chapter 22 Head and Neck Skin Cancer 743 Orbital and Ocular Trauma 483 Michael F. Zide and Yan Trokel Deepak G. Krishnan and Mark W. Ochs Chapter 35 Chapter 23 Salivary Gland Disease 773 Management of Frontal Sinus and Antonia Kolokythas and Robert Ord Naso-orbitoethmoid Complex Fractures 519 Stephen P. R. MacLeod and Larry L. Cunningham, Jr. Chapter 36 Mucosal and Related Dermatologic Diseases 795 Chapter 24 John M. Wright, Harvey P. Kessler, and Yi -Shing Lisa Cheng Nasal Fractures 539 Tirbod Fattahi Chapter 37 Pediatric Maxillofacial Pathology 821 Chapter 25 Antonia Kolokythas Gunshot Injuries 545 Chapter 38 Jon D. Holmes Principles of Management of Maxillofacial Infections 841 Thomas R. Flynn Chapter 26 Pediatric Facial Trauma 565 Chapter 39 Bruce B. Horswell and Daniel Meara Osteomyelitis, Osteoradionecrosis, and BRONJ 861 George M. Kushner and Brian Alpert Chapter 27 Management of Panfacial Fractures 593 SECTION 5 Patrick J. Louis Maxillofacial Reconstruction 875 SECTION 4 Section Editor: G.E. Ghali, DDS, MD, FACS Maxillofacial Pathology/Infections 609 Chapter 40 Local and Regional Flaps 877 Section Editor: G.E. Ghali, DDS, MD, FACS Alan S. Herford and G. E. Ghali Chapter 28 Diff erential Diagnosis of Oral Disease 611 Chapter 41 John R. Kalmar and Carl M. Allen Vascularized and Nonvascularized Hard and Soft Tissue Reconstruction 893 Chapter 29 D. David Kim and Rui Fernandes Odontogenic Cysts and Tumors 625 Chapter 42 Eric R. Carlson Microneurosurgery 919 Michael Miloro Chapter 30 Benign Nonodontogenic Lesions of the Jaws 653 Chapter 43 M. Anthony Pogrel Cleft Lip and Palate 945 Bernard J. Costello and Ramon L. Ruiz Chapter 31 Oral Cancer: Etiology, Diagnosis, Classifi cation Chapter 44 and Staging 677 Reconstruction of the Alveolar Cleft 965 Christopher M. Harris and G. E. Ghali Kelly Kennedy and Peter E. Larsen Contents vii Chapter 45 Chapter 54 Nonsyndromic Craniosynostosis 979 Orthognathic Database Acquisition 1239 G. E. Ghali and Andrew R. Banker Marc B. Ackerman and David M. Sarver Chapter 55 Chapter 46 Orthodontics for Orthognathic Surgery 1263 Craniofacial Dysostosis Syndromes: Evaluation & Larry M. Wolford, Eber L. L. Stevao, C. Moody Alexander, Treatment of the Skeletal Deformities 995 Joao Roberto Goncalves, and Daniel B. Rodrigues Paul S. Tiwana, Ramon L. Ruiz, and Jeff rey C. Posnick Chapter 56 SECTION 6 Model Surgery and Virtual Planning for Orthognathics 1295 Temporomandibular Martin B. Steed, Vincent J. Perciaccante, and Robert A. Bays Joint Disease 1031 Chapter 57 Section Editor: Michael Miloro, DMD, MD, FACS Mandibular Orthognathic Surgery 1317 Dale S. Bloomquist and Jessica J. Lee Chapter 47 Chapter 58 Anatomy and Pathophysiology of the Principles of Maxillary Orthognathic Surgery 1365 Temporomandibular Joint 1033 Vincent J. Perciaccante and Robert A. Bays Mark C. Fletcher, Joseph F. Piecuch, and Stuart E. Lieblich Chapter 59 Chapter 48 Facial Asymmetry 1393 Nonsurgical Management of Temporomandibular Peter D. Waite and Scott D. Urban Disorders 1049 Vasiliki Karlis and Robert Glickman Chapter 60 Soft Tissue Changes Associated Chapter 49 with Orthognathic Surgery 1411 Stephen Schendel, Richard Jacobson, and Dror Aizenbud Arthroscopy and Arthrocentesis of the Temporomandibular Joint 1069 Chapter 61 Joseph McCain and Luciano Stroia Complications of Orthognathic Surgery 1427 Joseph E. Van Sickels Chapter 50 Internal Derangement of the Chapter 62 Temporomandibular Joint 1123 Cleft Orthognathic Surgery 1455 Luis G. Vega, Florencio Monje Gil, and Rajesh Gutta Kevin S. Smith Chapter 63 Chapter 51 Distraction Osteogenesis of the Hypomobility and Hypermobility Disorders of the Maxillofacial Skeleton 1467 Temporomandibular Joint 1155 Michael Miloro Meredith August, Maria J. Troulis, and Leonard B. Kaban Chapter 64 Chapter 52 Surgical and Nonsurgical Management End-Stage Temporomandibular Joint Disease 1173 of Obstructive Sleep Apnea 1493 Louis G. Mercuri B. D. Tiner and Peter D. Waite SECTION 7 SECTION 8 Orthognathic Surgery 1187 Facial Aesthetic Surgery 1513 Section Editor: Michael Miloro, DMD, MD, FACS Section Editor: Peter D. Waite, MPH, DDS, MD, FACD Chapter 53 Chapter 65 Craniofacial Growth and Development 1189 Blepharoplasty 1515 Peter M. Spalding Tirbod Fattahi viii Contents Chapter 66 Chapter 69 Basic Principles of Rhinoplasty 1531 Otoplastic Surgery for the Protruding Ear 1597 James Koehler and Peter D. Waite Todd G. Owsley Chapter 70 Chapter 67 Adjunctive Facial Aesthetic Procedures 1609 Rhytidectomy 1555 Joseph Niamtu G. E. Ghali and Andrew R. Banker Index 1621 Chapter 68 Forehead and Brow Procedures 1571 Angelo Cuzalina Preface C H A P T E R Dr. Gustav O. Kruger Dr. Larry J. Peterson Dr. Larry J. “Pete” Peterson was a teacher, and nothing would This 3rd edition of the Principles textbook proudly please him more than knowing that the legacy of this text- continues the student and resident teachings that began by book and its teachings still continues posthumously today. Dr. Kruger more than a half century ago. Dr. Peterson began to assemble the editors and authors for the The 3rd Edition of Peterson’s Principles of Oral and Max- Principles of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery textbook in the illofacial Surgery, reflects the efforts of many people, includ- late 1980s, and the 1st edition was published in 1992. ing leading oral and maxillofacial surgeons throughout the Pete considered this a tribute to one of his mentors, Dr. country and abroad. Although it was not an easy task to enlist Gustav O. Kruger, Chairman at Georgetown University the authors who have contributed to this textbook, the School of Dentistry where Pete completed his oral and max- breadth of experience and talent of the contributing authors illofacial surgery residency training program. Dr. Kruger make this 3rd edition very special. died in 2010 at the age of 93. Oral and maxillofacial surgery encompasses an ever- Like Dr. Peterson, whose car license plate read “OSUTCHR” expanding range of diverse topics that makes it unique (for “Ohio State University Teacher”), Dr. Kruger believed his among the medical and dental specialties. Dr. Kruger’s Text- role as an educator was most important to him. “Father really book of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery was the first refer- felt education was the key to a better world and instilled that in ence textbook to cover the full scope of the specialty and was all of us,” he said. available for students, residents, and surgeons to use as a Dr. Kruger had edited his own Textbook of Oral and Max- reference for clinical practice. illofacial Surgery in 1959, and this masterpiece underwent The 3rd Edition of Peterson’s Principles of Oral and Maxil- several editions, and enjoyed its final 6th edition in 1984. This lofacial Surgery continues this tradition and provides an textbook provided the basis for undergraduate and postgrad- organized and systematic approach to the entire specialty for uate education in the specialty of oral and maxillofacial sur- residents and clinicians who practice full-scope oral and max- gery for dental students and residents throughout the country illofacial surgery. The 3rd edition of this textbook is unique in for three decades, until Dr. Peterson resurrected the idea of many respects, with the inclusion of contributions from more continuing to produce a comprehensive and complete refer- than 100 oral and maxillofacial surgeons and other dental and ence in oral and maxillofacial surgery that was clinically medical specialists. The clear purpose of this textbook is to applicable and easily readable for students and residents provide a concise, authoritative, easy-to-read, currently refer- studying the principles of the specialty of oral and maxillo- enced, contemporary survey of the entire specialty of oral and facial surgery. maxillofacial surgery that contains the information that a ix