Smart Sensors, Measurement and Instrumentation 2 SeriesEditor SubhasChandraMukhopadhyay SchoolofEngineeringandAdvancedTechnology(SEAT) MasseyUniversity(Turitea) PalmerstonNorth NewZealand E-mail:[email protected] Forfurthervolumes: http://www.springer.com/series/10617 Subhas Chandra Mukhopadhyay and Octavian Adrian Postolache (Eds.) Pervasive and Mobile Sensing and Computing for Healthcare Technological and Social Issues ABC Editors SubhasChandraMukhopadhyay OctavianAdrianPostolache (GuestEditor) (GuestEditor) SchoolofEngineeringandAdvanced SchoolofTechnologyand Technology(SEAT) Architecture(ISTA) MasseyUniversity(ManawatuCampus) ISCTE–LisbonUniversityInstitute PalmerstonNorth InstituteofTelecommunications NewZealand Lisbon Portugal ISSN2194-8402 e-ISSN2194-8410 ISBN978-3-642-32537-3 e-ISBN978-3-642-32538-0 DOI10.1007/978-3-642-32538-0 SpringerHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2012943952 (cid:2)c Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2013 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartof thematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation, broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionorinformation storageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodology nowknownorhereafterdeveloped.Exemptedfromthislegalreservationarebriefexcerptsinconnection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. 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Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) Guest Editorial The need for a new healthcare system based on health monitoring in anyplace and anytime is growing due to the paradigm shift from health supervision to health preservation, the increasing number of the elderly and associated healthcare costs and rapid advancements in information technology. The creation of novel smart environments, context-aware assistive devices, and activity monitoring systems provide great opportunities to improve quality of life, to increase independence in daily living, and to support a wide range of applications and services including mobile telemedicine, patient monitoring, location-based medical services, emer- gency response and management, personalized monitoring, social support and pervasive access to healthcare information. Pervasive health technology has been identified as a strong asset for achieving the vision of user-centered and preventive overall lifestyle health management. The pervasive healthcare system focus to- wards achieving two specific goals: the availability of eHealth applications and medical information anywhere and anytime and the invisibility of computing. Fur- thermore, pervasive health system encompasses new types of sensing and com- munication of health information as well as new type of interactions among health providers and people, among patients, among patients and researchers and patients and corporations. One central, often unspoken question is whether pervasive health technology is viewed as one more in the long list of technologies that modern medicine has effectively accommodated over the years without great dis- ruption or whether it is something fundamentally different, a potentially trans- formative force that ultimately will bring about a radical redesign of the processes by which care is delivered. Therefore, an important action towards pushing for- ward the knowledge on pervasive health monitoring and pervasive healthcare is promoting the systematic exchange of ideas in a coordinated way. This book aims at promoting the discussion on current trends in technologies and concepts that help integrate health monitoring and healthcare more seamlessly to our everyday lives, regardless of space and time, but also present cutting edge perspectives and visions to highlight future development. After a peer-review processes we have selected 15 work presentations that cover various technological and social aspects of pervasive health and mobile monitoring. The book presents not only the state of the art technologies and solu- tions to tackle the critical challenges faced by the building and development of the pervasive health system but also potential impact on society at social, medical and technological level. In first chapter is presented a brief literature review on healthcare challenges, unobtrusive sensors that may be used as part of pervasive sensing system for cardiorespiratory functions, daily motor activity and environ- mental monitoring, mHealth applications and pervasive computing for pervasive VI Guest Editorial health monitoring. Various technology for unobtrusive, remotely sensing of motor activity and physiological signs, emotion and wellness recognition are described in chapter 1-9: 1) examples of hardware and software for unobtrusive cardiorespi- ratory functions and motor activity sensing as well as smartphones and tablet computers applications for health and environment monitoring designed and im- plemented in Portugal; 2) technology assisted smart home to care elderly people based on low-cost sensors and wireless technology developed in New Zeeland - the system can recognise the emotion as well as determine the wellness of the eld- erly; 3) the SensFloor System realized and commercialized by Future-Shape GmbH, Hoehenkirchen-Siegertsbrunn, Germany that may be used for a variety of different applications in the domain of Ambient Assisted Living , like fall detec- tion, activity monitoring, energy savings, control of automatic doors, intrusion alarm and access control; 4) SmartShoe for physical activity monitoring devel- oped in USA; 5) the photoacoustic sensor for continuous non-invasive monitoring of blood glucose level implemented in Japan; 6) body sensor networks designed and implemented in Spain that use sensors based on bioelectrical impedance spec- troscopy (BIS), and CMOS technology for physiological parameters monitoring; 6) architecture of wireless device for ECG, EEG, EOG, EGG monitoring are de- scribed by team from Poland; 7) wireless system for recognizing physiological state and behaviour in daily life developed in Japan; 8) system for automatic sensing of speech activity and correlation with mood changes designed and im- plemented in Italy. In Chapter 10 and 11 is described the potential of Positive Technology and social media to promote individual and social well-being. Through Interreality (which uses biosensors, activity sensors and mobile devices) tracking of the individuals’ general and psychological status over time in several settings may be possible. The information collected during the assessment phase may be constantly used to monitor individuals’ progress and to precisely calibrate their treatment sessions thanks to a decision support system. It is suggested in the- se chapters that Interreality and social media may transform health guidelines and provision in meaningful and engaging experiences. Standards for eHealth architec- tures and communication, challenges related with interoperability, security, priva- cy and trust issues, the progress in terminology and classification systems adoption and the ways to overcome the security threats are described are presented in chapter 12. The work presented in chapter 13 and 14 highlighted the necessity to focus our researches also on potential harmful effect and defects of these new technologies. Methods and technology to quantify the induced current/field and specific absorption rate associated with electromagnetic environment and defects in health information technology are presented in these chapters. The knowledge on electromagnetic environment for better characterisation of his influence on biological function and health is important for future of our society when wireless networks and smartphones will become ubiquitous. A stepwise approach for mod- eling dependability of IT services is presented in chapter 15 taking into account legacy system’s dependability, the additional safety functions and the safety oper- ation functions. It is an original and very important model for understanding and manage defects in IT services that influence social and economic activities. The model is encouraging for future approaches to prevent occurrence of faults and the Guest Editorial VII spread of negative effects caused by faults in IT services for healthcare and for future health information technology development tools. Finally, a survey of liter- ature on requirements and barriers for health information technology adoption is presented in chapter 15. It is suggested that the requirements for adoption of per- vasive healthcare system should be analyzed from a sociotechnical perspective, that combines the social aspects of system development and technical solutions which address how the new technologies for pervasive healthcare may enhance the delivery of care. This book is written for researchers and graduate students that work in the field of healthcare technologies and sociology, university professors and also for industry professionals involved in pervasive health monitoring, intelligent emergency man- agement system, pervasive healthcare data access and mobile health monitoring and telemedicine. We would like to express our appreciation to our distinguished authors of the chapters whose expertise and professionalism has certainly contributed signifi- cantly to this book. We do sincerely hope that the readers will find this book interesting and useful in their research as well as in practical engineering work in the area of biomedical sensors network, pervasive sensing and pervasive computing, mHealth, eHealth. We are very happy to be able to offer the readers such a diverse issues, both in terms of its topical coverage and geographic representation. We hope that this book can shed light on various technological aspects related with Pervasive Health and stimulate further research in this field. Subhas Chandra Mukhopadhyay, Guest Editor School of Engineering and Advanced Technology (SEAT), Massey University (Manawatu Campus) Palmerston North, New Zealand [email protected] Octavian Adrian Postolache, Guest Editor School of Technology and Architecture (ISTA) ISCTE – Lisbon University Institute Institute of Telecommunications Lisbon, Portugal [email protected] VIII Guest Editorial Dr. Subhas Chandra Mukhopadhyay graduated from the Department of Electrical Engineering, Jadavpur University, Calcutta, India in 1987 with a Gold medal and received the Master of Electri- cal Engineering degree from Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India in 1989. He obtained the PhD (Eng.) degree from Jadavpur University, India in 1994 and Doctor of Engineering degree from Kanazawa University, Japan in 2000. Currently, He is working as a Professor of Sensing Technology with the School of Engineer- ing and Advanced Technology, Massey Universi- ty, Palmerston North, New Zealand. His fields of interest include Smart Sensors and Sensing Tech- nology, Wireless Sensors Network, Electromag- netics, control, electrical machines and numerical field calculation etc. He has authored/co-authored over 270 papers in different international journals and conferences, edited nine conference proceedings. He has also edited ten spe- cial issues of international journals and twelve books with Springer-Verlag as guest editor. He is a Fellow of IEEE, a Fellow of IET (UK), an associate editor of IEEE Sensors journal and IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurements. He is also a Technical Editor of IEEE Transactions on Mechatronics. He is a Distin- guished Lecturer of IEEE Sensors council. He is in the editorial board of many international journals. He has organized many international conferences either a General Chair or Technical programme chair. Guest Editorial IX Dr. Octavian Adrian Postolache graduated in Electrical Engineering at the Gh. Asachi Technical University of Iasi, Romania, in 1992. He received the PhD degree in Electrical Engineering from the Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Gh. Asachi Technical University in 1999. During 1992-2000 he worked as an Assistant Professor and Senior Lecturer at Department of Electrical Measurements and Electrical Materials, Faculty of Electrical En- gineering, Gh. Asachi Technical University. In 2000 he received post-doctoral researcher fellow- ship from Portuguese Science and Technology Foundation. Since 2000 he works as a researcher at Technical University of Lisbon/ IST and Institute of Telecommunication of Lisbon. He is Principal Researcher at Institute of Telecommunication, since 2005. He joined as Assistant Professor at Superior School of Technology/EST- IPS from Setubal since 2001 and from January 2012, as Senior Lecturer in School of Architecture and Information Technology/ISCTE-IUL, Lisbon. His fields of interests are smart sensors for biomedical and environmental measurement systems, virtual measurement systems, data sensor fusion, instrumentation networks, signal processing of biomedical data for health status and instrumental activity estimation, non-destructive testing and diagnosis based on eddy currents, computational intelligence with application in automated measurement systems. He is currently leader of project regarding the implementation of Electronic Health Records for the wheelchair users. He worked as a board member of Institute of Telecommunications – Portuguese Telecommunication Agency for Innovation (PT Inovação) - Home Tele Care project; and Institute of Telecommunications and National Communication Agency (ANACOM) - Integrated Spectrum Monitoring project. He was also involved in the project related to development of novel sensors for adequate anesthesia assessment, working in collaboration with Institute of Me- chanical Engineering (IDMEC) and Hospital Geral de Santo António, SA (HGSA) from Porto, Portugal. He collaborated also in several researches at Institute of Phys- iology, Medical Faculty of the University of Lisbon. Dr. Postolache is author and co-author of 10 patents, 3 books, 12 book chapters, 53 papers in international journals with peer review, more than 180 papers in proceedings of international conferences. He is IEEE Senior Member I&M Society, Technical Adviser of IEEE EMBS Portugal Chapter, member of International Measurement Confederation. He was member of IMEKO World Congress Organizing Commitee, 2009. He was co- chair of Sensornets 2012, Rome, Italy and chair of Pervasive HealthCare Workshop, 2012, USA, SanDiego. He is member of steering commitee of Medical Measurement and Application Simposium. He is regular member of Technical Comittee of IEEE IMTC, IEEE MeMeA and IEEE ICST. He is active member of IEEE IMS TC-25 Subcommittee on Objective Blood Pressure Measurement Standard. Contents Pervasive Sensing and M-Health: Vital Signs and Daily Activity Monitoring .............................................................................................................. 1 Octavian Postolache, Pedro Silva Girão, Gabriela Postolache 1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 2 2 Healthcare Challenges .................................................................................... 3 3 Is Pervasive Health Monitoring Possible? ...................................................... 5 3.1 Smart Wrist Worn Device for Vital Signs and Motor Activity Monitoring ............................................................................................ 11 3.1.1 Sensing and Signal Conditioning ............................................... 11 3.1.2 Microcontroller Platform ........................................................... 12 3.2 Smart Wheelchair for Vital Signs and Daily Activity Monitoring ....... 15 3.2.1 Microwave Doppler Radar Sensor ............................................. 17 3.2.2 Signal Conditioning, Acquisition and Wireless Communication ......................................................................... 18 3.3 Smart Walker for Motor Activity Analysis .......................................... 20 3.4 Pervasive Sensing of Environmental Impact Factor on Health ............ 21 4 mHEALTH ................................................................................................... 23 5 Pervasive Computing ................................................................................... 37 6 Conclusion ................................................................................................... 41 References ......................................................................................................... 41 Are Technologies Assisted Homes Safer for the Elderly? ................................ 51 S.C. Mukhopadhyay, N.K. Suryadevara, R.K. Rayudu 1 Introduction .................................................................................................. 51 2 On-Going Researches on Smart Home Technology..................................... 53 3 Directions of Elder-Care .............................................................................. 55 4 Technology Assisted Home Monitoring System .......................................... 55 5 Wellness Determination of the Elderly ........................................................ 58 6 Human Emotion Recognition System .......................................................... 63 7 Practical Issues in Implementation ............................................................... 65 8 Conclusions and Future Works .................................................................... 66 References ......................................................................................................... 66 A Large-Area Sensor System Underneath the Floor for Ambient Assisted Living Applications .............................................................................................. 69 C. Lauterbach, A. Steinhage, A. Techmer 1 Introduction .................................................................................................. 69 2 SensFloor Principle ...................................................................................... 69 XII Contents 3 Capacitive Proximity Sensors ...................................................................... 71 4 Presence Detection and Tracking ................................................................. 74 5 Smart Textile Fabrication ............................................................................. 75 6 SensFloor Installation ................................................................................... 79 7 Functions for Ambient Assisted Living ....................................................... 82 8 Results .......................................................................................................... 83 9 Conclusions .................................................................................................. 85 References ......................................................................................................... 86 Footwear-Based Wearable Sensors for Physical Activity Monitoring ............ 89 E. Sazonov 1 Introduction .................................................................................................. 89 2 Sensor System .............................................................................................. 91 3 Human Studies ............................................................................................. 92 4 Models for Posture and Activity Recognition .............................................. 95 5 Detection of Temporal Gait Parameters ....................................................... 98 6 Estimation of Caloric Energy Expernditure ............................................... 103 7 Conclusions ................................................................................................ 108 References ....................................................................................................... 108 Continuous-Wave Photoacoustic-Based Sensor for the Detection of Aqueous Glucose: Towards Non-invasive and Continuous Glycemia Sensing ............ 111 S. Camou 1 Introduction ................................................................................................ 111 2 Continuous-Wave Photoacoustic (CW-PA) Procedure .............................. 113 2.1 Frequency Shift (FS) Protocol ............................................................ 115 2.1.1 Concept .................................................................................... 116 2.1.2 Concept Proof of FS ................................................................ 117 2.1.3 Glucose Dependence at Various Conditions ............................ 119 2.1.4 Issue of Selectivity to Glucose................................................. 120 2.2 Optical Power Balance Shift (OPBS) Protocol................................... 121 2.2.1 Concept of Dual Differential Wavelength Excitation .............. 121 2.2.2 Measurement Procedure .......................................................... 122 2.2.3 Results for the 1382- and 1610-nm Combination .................... 126 3 FS+OPBS Combination ............................................................................. 127 3.1 Comparison of the Two Approaches .................................................. 127 3.2 Creation of Linear System .................................................................. 128 3.3 Solution t o Multi-parameter Problem ................................................ 131 4 Conclusions ................................................................................................ 131 References ....................................................................................................... 132 From Handheld Devices to Near-invisible Sensors: The Road to Pervasive e-Health .............................................................................................................. 135 J.L. Ausín, J.F. Duque-Carrillo, J. Ramos, G. Torelli 1 Introduction ................................................................................................ 135 2 Why Is a Sensor Network Important? ........................................................ 137 2.1 Wireless Sensor Networks .................................................................. 138