PERSPECTIVES OF ESTRANGEMENT: ENGLAND AND ENGLISHNESS IN THE NOVELS OF JUSTIN CARTWRIGHT ANDREA SUSAN BUCHANAN A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts (MA) at Stellenbosch University Supervisor: Dr Lucy Graham (cid:48)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:70)(cid:75) (cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:22) Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za Declaration I, the undersigned, hereby declare that the work contained in this thesis consists of my own original work, and that I have not previously in its entirety, or in part, submitted it at any university for a degree. ………………………………………. ………………………………………… Signature: A.S. Buchanan Date: Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za Abstract This thesis explores how Justin Cartwright’s perspective on Englishness, as a South African- born writer living and writing in England, is played out in his novels. Four of Cartwright’s novels with English settings are analysed: In Every Face I Meet (1995), The Promise of Happiness (2004), To Heaven by Water (2009) and Other People’s Money (2011). Cartwright’s position as a self-conscious observer of English life is revealed as eliciting a nuanced critique of Englishness. It is argued that Cartwright adopts something of an anthropological approach towards his English subjects, and that this troubles the traditional gaze of the Western anthropologist upon the “other”. At the same time, his protagonists are represented with humane sympathy, though this is often tempered with irony. Drawing on Paul Gilroy’s ideas about race and multiculture in England and Robert J.C. Young’s The Idea of English Ethnicity, this thesis discusses Cartwright’s presentation of Englishness as both potentially inclusive and exclusive. Cartwright also sets England against America, and more significantly, against Africa. Cartwright’s portrayal of Africa is shown to reveal his somewhat ambivalent attitude towards his birthplace. Throughout the thesis, Cartwright’s novels are discussed with an awareness of the influence that the social philosopher Isaiah Berlin has had on the author, particularly with regard to his critique of idealism and his espousal of value pluralism and liberal humanism. Yet it is also suggested that Cartwright’s liberal humanism may be intertwined with his complex and ambivalent attitude towards Africa. Moreover, the ironic tone and postmodern, metafictional elements of these novels perform Cartwright’s belief in value pluralism in interesting ways. The relationship between literature, art and national fictions is furthermore discussed, in conversation with Benedict Anderson’s ideas about nationalism. This thesis provides a close-reading of the works of this under-researched author and examines the complexity of his “estranged” position towards Englishness. Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za Abstrak Hierdie tesis verken hoe Justin Cartwright, Suid-Afrikaans gebore skrywer woonagtig in Engeland, se die siening van Engelsheid (Englishness) in sy romans weerspieël word. Vier van Cartwright se romans met ‘n Engelse agtergrond word ontleed: In Every Face I Meet (1995), The Promise of Happiness (2004), To Heaven by Water (2009) en Other People’s Money (2011). Dit word onthul hoe Cartwright se posisie as self-bewuste waarnemer van Engelse lewe hom staat te stel om ‘n genuanseerde critique van Engelsheid te lewer. Daar word aangevoer dat Cartwright ‘n ietwat antropologiese benadering tot sy Engelse onderwerpe inneem en dat dit die tradisionele siening van die Westerse antropoloog van die “ander” ondergrawe. Terselfdertyd bied hy sy protagoniste met menslike erbarming aan, hoewel dit dikwels met ironie getemper word. Deur gebruik te maak van Paul Gilroy se opvattings oor ras en multikultuur in Engeland en Robert J.C. Young se The Idea of English Ethnicity, bespreek hierdie tesis hoe Cartwright Engelsheid voorstel as sowel potensieel inklusief as eksklusief. Cartwright stel ook Engeland teenoor Amerika, en meer belangwekkend, ook teenoor Afrika. Daar word aangetoon dat Cartwright se uitbeelding van Afrika sy nogal ambivalente houding teenoor sy geboorteplek verraai. Regdeur die tesis word Cartwright se romans bespreek met in agneming van die invloed van die sosiale filosoof Isaiah Berlin op die skrywer, veral ten op sigte van sy critique van idealisme en sy omhelsing van waardepluralisme en liberale humanisme. Tog word daar ook gesuggereer dat Cartwright se liberale humanisme verweef mag wees met sy verwikklede en ambivalente houding ten opsigte van Afrika. Daarbenewens is die ironiese toon en postmoderne, metafiktiewe element van hierdie romans op interessante maniere ‘n bevestiging van Cartwright se onderskrywing van waardepluralisme. Vervolgens word die verhouding tussen literatuur, kuns en nasionale fiksies bespreek in samehang met Benedict Anderson se idees oor nasionalisme. Hierde tesis bied ‘n noukeurige ondersoek van die werke van hierdie onderverkende skrywer en ondersoek die kompleksiteit van sy “vervreemde” houding teenoor Engelsheid. Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za Acknowledgments I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the following people: - My supervisor, Dr Lucy Graham, for her invaluable guidance and advice, and for encouraging me to aim high. - My parents, Richard and Edith Buchanan, for their love and support over the last two years, and throughout my life. - Chris Thorpe, for his wonderful support and encouragement. - The National Research Foundation for their financial assistance. Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za Contents Introduction: Justin Cartwright: An “Outsider” to Englishness? …………………………………… 1 Chapter One: Social Commentary and Meta-Commentary in In Every Face I Meet ...……………. 13 Chapter Two: “Proud, Ironic and Ridiculous”: Englishness in The Promise of Happiness ….…….. 29 Chapter Three: “I Have Beliefs but I Don’t Believe in Them”: To Heaven by Water ………………… 50 Chapter Four: “It’s all a Sham”: The (Too?) Gentle Critique of Idealism in Other People’s Money …………………………………………………………………………………………… 73 Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………………… 91 Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za Introduction: Justin Cartwright: An “Outsider” to Englishness? Justin Cartwright’s novels have achieved a considerable amount of popular acclaim and critical success, particularly in Britain. In the reviews of his novels in the British media, one theme is noticeably repeated: Cartwright’s construction as an “outsider” in relation to English culture, due to his South African background. A reviewer from The Observer, for instance, commented: “Perhaps it takes a South African novelist to describe an English middle-class family in such compendiously unironic detail” (Kellaway). A review in The Telegraph suggested that “Cartwright, born in South Africa, has always had an outsider’s beady eye on English life” (Feay), and in a recent interview with Cartwright, a journalist from The Independent asserted that “Cartwright comes to his England as an outsider” (Tonkin). These comments infer that Cartwright, because of his non-English birthplace, occupies an objective, detached, almost omniscient, surveillant position, removed from English society, which allows him to write about its idiosyncracies in such detail. Comments of this nature are of course made specifically about his novels that are set in England. The assumption that Cartwright is an “outsider” to England culture is a problematic one. After all, the author has lived and worked in England for more than forty years. Yet, as in the examples above, his alienation rather than assimilation is invoked in praise of his ability to observe English society. Despite the somewhat problematic nature of Cartwright’s construction as an “outsider” in reviews of his novels, I shall attempt to demonstrate that there are significant ways in which Cartwright – and the characters in his novels – can be said to occupy an estranged standpoint from their environments. Rather than simply perpetuating the media portrayal of Cartwright as an observant and unironic “outsider” in relation to English culture, I shall focus on these more subtle and potentially enriching perspectives of estrangement, that are imbued with gentle irony. Cartwright himself has commented that the literary world’s difficulty in locating him nationally has had an impact on his success as an author. An interviewer reported: “[Cartwright is] happy to classify himself as ‘essentially a British writer’ although he concedes that confusion over how to categorise him may have limited his sales in the past” (Robinson). Cartwright has also suggested that he purposely inhabits dual national roles, playing up a certain side of his identity depending on his whereabouts. In a response to a question on whether he sees himself as an English or South African writer, he admitted that he 1 Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za is a “bit South African” and conceded, “I work both sides of the street. When I’m there [South Africa], I’m fabulously South African and when I’m here [England] I probably play it down a bit” (Cartwright, “Justin Cartwright on Family and Future”). Cartwright’s ambiguous position as (to borrow from but change a quote from J.M. Coetzee in White Writing) “no longer South African, not yet English”, will be the starting point of my thesis. In my discussion of Cartwright’s depiction of Englishness, and his relationship towards it, I shall draw on Robert J.C. Young’s The Idea of English Ethnicity. Young, in his exploration of English “ethnicity” and identity, claims that the idea of Englishness developed in the colonies, rather than in England itself: it “paradoxically became most itself when it was far off” (2). He argues that: Englishness was created for the diaspora – an ethnic identity designed for those who were precisely not English, but rather of English descent – the peoples of the English diaspora moving around the world: Americans. Canadians, Australians, New Zealanders, South Africans, even, at a pinch, the English working class. (1) He writes further that “Englishness was translated from the national identity of the English living in England into a diasporic identity beyond any geographical boundaries which included all the English who had now emigrated all over the globe” (231). In the same vein, Young argues that: This dialectic of attachment to England, yet distance from it, of continuity and rupture, similarity and difference, became the dominant characteristic of Englishness itself – not Englishness in the sense of a local identity of the English, but Englishness as a diasporic identity around the world which simultaneously asserted a grounding in the past and continuity with the centre, and the distance of rupture, displacement, migration and colonisation. (7) I would argue that although Cartwright may have been labelled in the English media as an “outsider” to Englishness, he actually identifies strongly with Englishness “as a diasporic identity” (7). At the same time, he self-consciously occupies a slightly estranged position which affords a critique of Englishness. I would argue, therefore, that Cartwright’s writing illustrates what Young calls the “dialectic of attachment to England, yet distance from it, of continuity and rupture, similarity and difference” (7). The difficulty that critics have in placing Cartwright might be associated with their difficulty in placing him within what Pierre Bourdieu calls a “literary field” (163). Critics do not know in which national literary field Cartwright should be placed, due to his South 2 Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za African birth and his identification with – and residence in – England. Perhaps this is why, although Justin Cartwright’s work has been widely read and reviewed, especially within the United Kingdom, his novels have not received much academic attention. An exception to this trend is the work of Mike Marais – three journal articles by this South African scholar concentrate on Cartwright’s White Lightning (2002), which is set primarily in South Africa. Cartwright’s novels set in England, however, have received no substantial academic consideration. This is hopefully why this thesis does important work, in that it seeks to redress the gap in academic writing about Cartwright’s novels set in England. It also deals with the illuminating and complex ways in which Cartwright’s transnational position affects his writing. In terms of Cartwright’s transnationality, and how this affects his writing and position in relation to national literary fields, I would also like to draw on Pascale Casanova’s World Republic of Letters. In this study, Casanova discusses various strategies that authors from the “margin” may deploy to enter into the literary realm. I would argue that the strategy which most closely resembles Cartwright’s position is that of assimilation, but the kind of complex assimilation that Casanova describes. Casanova argues that assimilation can be viewed as a positive strategy that authors from marginal spaces use in order to resist becoming icons of national identity: Assimilation […] is the lowest level of literary revolt, the obligatory itinerary of every apprentice writer from an impoverished region having no literary resources of its own […] But it is also an option for writers from dominated spaces that are nonetheless relatively well-endowed with resources [and] who can thus refuse the fate of becoming a national writer – what the Polish novelist Kazimierz Bandys (1916 – 2000) called the “patriotic duty” of the writer – and begin by almost clandestine means to appropriate the literary heritage of the centres for themselves […]. (208) Partly, it can be argued that Cartwright emigrated to England to seek out a more liberal educational and literary environment, as he left South Africa in the late 1960s initially to study at Oxford. Here it is worth calling to mind J.M. Coetzee’s 1983 article, “The Great South African Novel”, which questions whether it is possible for a “great national novel” to emanate from South Africa. Coetzee asks: “[C]an we find anyone who knows South African society well enough to present it in the depth and fullness that we (and our descendants and the outside world) would – legitimately – demand from a Great National Novel?” (“The Great South African Novel” 75). Significantly, Cartwright was quoted in an interview as commenting that he will “never write the great South African novel” (Cartwright, “A life in writing: This stuff matters”), a possible allusion to Coetzee’s article. 3 Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za Two of Casanova’s examples of “assimilated” authors could be seen as relevant in relation to Cartwright. The first is Trinidad-born writer V.S. Naipaul, “who, in the absence of any literary tradition in his native country, had no other choice but to try to become English” (Casanova 209). Despite extreme efforts to achieve complete assimilation, “he inevitably found himself stranded in a sort of no-man’s land: neither completely English (despite being knighted by the queen) nor completely Indian” (209). Cartwright also partially embodies this “no-man’s land”; however, his incomplete assimilation is not so much a failure (except, perhaps, given the little critical attention focused on his work thus far) as an opportunity to deepen his writing with his unique sense of observation. The second of Casanova’s relevant examples is the Belgian poet Henri Michaux, who is perhaps aligned more closely with Cartwright’s position, as a “foreigner” who nevertheless shared linguistic and cultural qualities with his “host” country, France. Casanova explains Michaux’s “emphasis on distance and discrepancy, the division of the world into countries and peoples, foreigners and natives” (213) as deriving from his “outsider” viewpoint: Only a very near neighbour to France, whose accent, manners, and way simply of being betrayed his status as an odd sort of stranger – someone who was a foreigner without quite being one and whose very proximity prevented him from blending in, even though nothing set him apart – could imagine dividing up the world into natives and nonnatives. (213) Cartwright as an English-speaking South African of British heritage, living in Britain, shares this quality of being “a foreigner without quite being one”, and it is this shifting balance between alienation and assimilation – between estrangement and belonging – that is the central point of my thesis. The Influence of Isaiah Berlin: Value Pluralism and Liberal Humanism The theorist who has most influenced Justin Cartwright is without a doubt the British social theorist, philosopher and historian of ideas, Isaiah Berlin, whose ideological imprint is evident in various guises in Cartwright’s novels. I wish to provide a brief summary of Berlin’s ideas on value pluralism and liberty, and shall then discuss Cartwright’s interpretation and expression of Berlin’s theories in his writing, while drawing attention to the ways in which Cartwright’s affinity with Berlin’s liberal humanism may be intertwined with his positionality vis-à-vis England and Africa. Berlin’s most famous theory and the concept which I would argue has most influenced Cartwright is his idea of value pluralism. Berlin vehemently opposed the idea of a rationalist 4