Perspectives in Particles and Fields Cargese 1983 NATO ASI Series Advanced Science Institutes Series A series presenting the results of activities sponsored by the NA TO Science Committee, which aims at the dissemination of advanced scientific and technological knowledge, with a view to strengthening links between scientific communities. The series is published by an international board of publishers in conjunction with the NATO Scientific Affairs Division A Life Sciences Plenum Publishing Corporation B Physics New York and London C Mathematical D. Reidel Publishing Company and Physical Sciences Dordrecht, Boston, and Lancaster D Behavioral and Social Sciences Martinus Nijhoff Publishers E Engineering and The Hague, Boston, and Lancaster Materials Sciences F Computer and Systems Sciences Springer -Verlag G Ecological Sciences Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, and Tokyo Recent Volumes in this Series Volume 121-Electronic Structure, Dynamics, and Quantum Structural Properties of Condensed Matter edited by Jozef T. Devreese and Piet Van Camp Volume 122-Quarks, Leptons, and Beyond edited by H. Fritzsch, R. D. Peccei, H. Saller, and F. Wagner Volume 123-Density Functional Methods in Physics edited by Reiner M. Dreizler and J6ao da Providelncia Volume 124-Nonequilibrium Phonon Dynamics edited by Walter E. Bron Volume 125-Supersymmetry edited by K. Dietz, R. Flume, G. v. Gehlen, and V. Rittenberg Volume 126-Perspectives in Particles and Fields: Cargese 1983 edited by Maurice Levy, Jean-Louis Basdevant, David Speiser, Jacques Weyers, Maurice Jacob, and Raymond Gastmans Perspectives in Particles and Fields Cargese 1983 Edited by Maurice Levy and Jean-Louis Basdevant Laboratory of Theoretical Physics and High Energies Universite Pierre et Marie Curie Paris, France David Speiser and Jacques Weyers Institute of Theoretical Physics Universite Catholique de Louvain Louvain-Ia-Neuve, Belgium Maurice Jacob Theory Division C.E.R.N. Geneva, Switzerland and Raymond Gastmans Institute of Theoretical Physics Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Leuven, Belgium Plenum Press New York and London Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division Proceedings of a NATO Advanced Study Institute/1983 Cargese Summer Institute on Particles and Fields, held July 6-22, 1983, in Cargese, France Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Cargese Summer Institute on Particles and Fields (1983) Perspectives in particles and fields, Cargese 1983. (NATO ASI series. Series B, Physics; v. 126) "Proceedings of a NATO Advanced Study Institute/1983 Cargese Summer Institute on Particles and Fields, held July 6-22, 1983, in Cargese, France"-T.p. verso. Includes bibliographies and index. 1. Particles (Nuclear physics)-Congresses. 2. Gauge fields (Physics)-Congresses. I. Levy, Maurice, 1922- . II. North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Scientific Affairs Division. III. NATO Advanced Study Institute. IV. Title. V. Series. QC793.C37 1983 539.7'21 85-12163 ISBN 978-1-4757-0371-9 ISBN 978-1-4757-0369-6 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4757-0369-6 © 1985 Plenum Press, New York A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation 233 Spring Street, New York, N.Y. 10013 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 15t edition 1985 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, microfilming, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher PREFACE The 1983 Cargese Summer Institute on Particles and Fields was organized by the Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris (M. LEVY and J.-L. BASDEVANT), C.E.R.N. (M. JACOB), the Universite Catholique de Louvain (D. SPEISER and J. WEYERS), and the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (R. GASTMANS). After 1975, 1977, 1979, and 1981, it was the fifth time they joined their efforts for organizing this Summer Insti tute. This school was characterized by simultaneous progress in the theory of elementary particles and by impressive experimental advances. On the theoretical front, one witnessed the new developments in lattice gauge theories, which explore the world of strongly interacting par ticles in a non-perturbative way, and progress in a better understan ding of the unity of all interactions based on supersymmetry. The experimentalists were ~roud to announce the discovery of the interme diate vector bosons; W- and ZO, at C.E.R.N., while physicists working with e+e- colliding beams continued to probe more deeply the validity of the theoretical models of strong, weak and electromagnetic inter actions. We owe many thanks to all those who have made this Summer Insti tute possible! Thanks are due to the Scientific Committee of NATO and its Presi dent for a generous grant and especially to the head of the Advanced Study Institute Program and his collaborators for their constant help and encouragement. We also thank the National Science Foundation (USA) for their financial assistance. Special thanks are due to the Universite de Nice for having put at our disposal the facilities of the Institut de Cargese. We wish to thank Ms. M.-F. HANSELER, Ms. C. DUCHALAIS, Mr. D. BERNIA, and the inhabitants of Cargese for their kind collaboration. v vi PREFACE We thank Ms. M.-T. BERTONI for her patience and diligence in typing this manuscript. Finally, the financial contribution of the N.V. Kredietbank (Belgium) is gratefully acknowledged. It helped to give this Summer Institute a broader international audience. Mostly, however, we would like to thank all lecturers and parti cipants who came from over 20 countries : the willingness of the former to answer all questions and the keen interest of the latter provided the stimulus which made (we hope) this Institute a success. M. LEVY D. SPEISER J.-L. BASDEVANT J. WEYERS M. JACOB R. GASTMANS CONTENTS ALGEBRAIC CONSTRUCTION OF GAUGE INVARIANT THEORIES L. Baulieu References 14 AN INTRODUCTION TO LATTICE GAUGE THEORIES 15 J. Zinn-Justin Why a Lattice : an Example in Quantum Mechanics 15 Double-Well Potential 16 The Discretized Path Integral 18 The Non-Linear a-Model 20 Lattice Gauge Theories 26 Mean Field Theory : General Formalism 36 References 42 AN ELEMENTARY INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER SIMULATIONS OF HADRONIC PHYSICS 45 G. Parisi Introduction 45 Euclidean Field Theory 46 The Monte Carlo Method 48 General Considerations 51 Special Techniques 55 Results 58 References 65 SUPERSYMMETRY AND SUPERGRAVITY THE PHENOMENOLOGICAL VIEW 67 D.V. Nanopoulos Motivation(s) for Supersymmetry 67 Supersymmetry (SUSY) 70 Physical Properties of Supersymmetry 73 vii viii CONTENTS "Low Energy" Physics and SUSY 80 Supersymmetric GUTS 83 Physical Structure of Simple (N=1) Supergravity 88 Physics with Simple (N=1) Supergravity 97 Experimental Evidence (?) for Supersymmetry 111 Conclusions 115 References 116 e+e- PHYSICS AT PETRA - THE FIRST FIVE YEARS 123 S.L. Wu Introduction 123 Hadronic Events in e+e- Annihilation 124 Three-Jet Events and Properties of the Gluon 164 Electroweak Interaction 227 References 263 e+e- PHYSICS AT CESR 271 P. Franzini Introduction 271 CESR, CLEO, CUSB, and the Upsilons 272 Upsilon Spectroscopy 277 Above the Flavor Threshold 299 Weak Interaction of the b Quark 303 References 311 SELECTED TOPICS IN UPSILON PHYSICS 315 J. Lee-Franzini Introduction 315 Search for Other States produced in e+e- Annihilations 315 Further Tests of the QCD Multipole Expansions 318 The B*-B Mass Difference 322 Further Implications of the P State Measurements 326 Measurement of r(ygg)/r(ggg) in T and T' Decays 329 Measurement of r(pp)/r(ggg) from T(1S) and T(2S) Decays 335 Search for Axions and Higgs Particles 336 Future Prospects in T Physics 337 References 341 HARD PROCESSES INVOLVING REAL PHOTONS 343 D. Treille e+e- Physics 344 Hard Photoproduction and Prompt-Gamma Physics 351 Two-Gamma Processes 367 Heavy-Flavour Photoprodution 372 References 377 CONTENTS ix MUON EXPERIMENTS AT HIGH ENERGY 379 G. Smadja Experimental Environment 379 Radiative Corrections 386 Measurement of F2 393 Consequences 409 Analysis of Scaling Violations 409 Production of Open Charm in Muon Interactions 412 Transverse Momentum Distribution 421 References 431 NEUTRINO PHYSICS 435 R. Turlay Introduction 435 Structure Functions 436 Dimuon Physics : Amount of Strange Sea 506 References 517 ACCELERATOR STUDIES OF NEUTRINO OSCILLATIONS FIRST RESULTS FROM A LOW-ENERGY EXPERIMENT AT CERN 519 C. Guyot Introduction 519 Basic Formalism 520 Accelerator Studies of Neutrino Oscillations 521 First Results from the CDHSW Oscillation Experiment 523 Conclusion 529 References 532 SELECTED TOPICS IN NON-ACCELERATOR PHYSICS 533 G. Charpak Introduction 533 Massive Neutrinos and Lepton Conservation 533 The Double S-Decay 539 Neutrino Oscillations and the Neutrino Mass 544 The Solar Neutrino Puzzle 546 Nucleon Decay 548 The Search for Super-heavy Magnetic Monopoles 549 References 556 SELECTED TOPICS IN SPECTROSCOPY 559 A. Martin References 568 REALISTIC KALUZA-KLEIN THEORIES ? 569 C. Wetterich x CONTENTS References 580 TOPICS IN ELEMENTARY PARTICLE PHYSICS 583 S.L. Glashow Introduction 583 Historical Digression 586 Where is the Top Quark ? 591 Short Takes 593 References 596 Index 597