oasis-ebl|Rsalles|1498592702 P ERSONALIT Y AND CLOSE REL ATIONSHIP PRO CESSES F ew observers of relationship dynamics would dispute the claim of interdepen- dence theorists that a def ning feature of close relationships is the extent to which partners inf uence each other’s thoughts, feelings, or behaviors. However, part- ners do not behave simply in response to each other’s behavior; both partners in a given relationship bring themselves – indeed, t heir selves  – into the relationship as well. Not only are individuals’ selves enormously complex and rich in content, but so too are the multitude of personality characteristics, including traits, values, attitudes, motives, and emotions, that contribute to selves’ richness. Gaines pro- vides a major integration of research on personality with research on relationship science and demonstrates how personality constructs can be readily incorporated into the two most inf uential theories of close relationships: attachment theory and interdependence theory. T is study will be of value to scholars in the f elds of close relationships, personality psychology, communication studies, and family studies. S tanley O. Gaines, Jr. (PhD, University of Texas at Austin, 1991) is the author of C ulture, Ethnicity, and Personal Relationship Processes (1997), and has written or co-w ritten more than a hundred articles and book chapters, primarily in the f elds of close relationships and ethnic studies. His specialty areas include cultural values and ethnic identity; interpersonal traits and attachment styles; and exchange and interdependence processes in close relationships. He has won numerous grants and fellowships from such diverse sources as the Ford Foundation, Fulbright Foundation, and American Psychological Foundation. A dvances in Personal Relationships C hristopher R. Agnew P urdue University J ohn P. Caughlin U niversity of Illinois at Urbana-C hampaign C . Raymond Knee U niversity of Houston T erri L. Orbuch O akland University A lthough scholars from a variety of disciplines have written and conversed about the impor- tance of personal relationships for decades, the emergence of personal relationships as a f eld of study is relatively recent. A dvances in Personal Relationships represents the culmination of years of multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary work on personal relationships. Sponsored by the International Association for Relationship Research, the series of ers readers cutting-e dge research and theory in the f eld. Contributing authors are internationally known scholars from a variety of disciplines, including social psychology, clinical psychology, communica- tion, history, sociology, gerontology, and family studies. Volumes include integrative reviews, conceptual pieces, summaries of research programs, and major theoretical works. A dvances in Personal Relationships presents f rst-r ate scholarship that is both provocative and theoretically grounded. T e theoretical and empirical work described by authors will stimulate readers and advance the f eld by of ering new ideas and retooling old ones. T e series will be of interest to upper-d ivision undergraduate students, graduate students, researchers, and practitioners. O ther Books in the Series A ttribution, Communication Behavior, and Close Relationships V alerie Manusov and J ohn H. Harvey, editors S tability and Change in Relationships A nita L. Vangelisti, H arry T. Reis, and M ary Anne Fitzpatrick, editors U nderstanding Marriage: Developments in the Study of Couple Interaction P atricia Noller and J udith A. Feeney, editors G rowing Together: Personal Relationships Across the Lifespan F rieder R. Lang and K aren L. Fingerman, editors C ommunicating Social Support D aena J. Goldsmith C ommunicating Af ection: Interpersonal Behavior and Social Context K ory Floyd C hanging Relations: Achieving Intimacy in a Time of Social Transition R obin Goodwin F eeling Hurt in Close Relationships A nita L. Vangelisti,  editor R omantic Relationships in Emerging Adulthood F rank D. Fincham and M ing Cui, editors R esponding to Intimate Violence Against Women: T e Role of Informal Networks R enate Klein S ocial Inf uences on Romantic Relationships: Beyond the Dyad C hristopher R. Agnew,  editor P ositive Approaches to Optimal Relationship Development C . Raymond Knee and H arry T. Reis, editors P ersonality and Close Relationship Processes S tanley O. Gaines, Jr. B runel University London U niversity Printing House, Cambridge C B2 8B S , United Kingdom C ambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge. I t furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of education, learning, and research at the highest international levels of excellence. w ww.cambridge.org I nformation on this title: w ww.cambridge.org/9781107109681 © Cambridge University Press 2016 T is publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. F irst published 2016 A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library . L ibrary of Congress Cataloguing i n P ublication Data N ames: Gaines, Stanley O., 1961– author. T itle: Personality and close relationship processes / Stanley O. Gaines, Jr. Description: New York: Cambridge University Press, 2016. | Series: Advances in personal relationships I dentif ers: LCCN 2016016146| I SBN 9781107109681 (hardback) | I SBN 9781107524750 (pbk.) S ubjects: LCSH: Interpersonal relations. | Personality. | Attachment behavior. Classif cation: LCC H M1 106.G 3 5 2016 | DDC 302–dc23 L C record available at h ttps://lccn.loc.gov/2016016146 I SBN 978-1 -1 07-1 0968-1 Hardback I SBN 978-1 -1 07-5 2475-0 Paperback C ambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of U RLs for external or third-p arty Internet Web sites referred to in this publication and does not guarantee that any content on such Web sites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. T o my son, Luther Stanley Gaines-W hite: You exist; therefore, I am. C ontents A cknowledgments page ix I ntroduction x i P ART I O VERVIEW 1 B ehaviorist foundations of the f eld of close relationships 3 P ART I I S ELF AND PERSONALIT Y C ONSTRUCT S AS REFLECTED IN CLOSE REL ATIONSHIP PRO CESSES 2 T e self as ref ected in close relationship processes 1 9 3 T raits as ref ected in close relationship processes 4 6 4 V alues as ref ected in close relationship processes 7 2 5 A ttitudes as ref ected in close relationship processes 1 00 6 M otives as ref ected in close relationship processes 1 28 7 E motions as ref ected in close relationship processes 1 54 P ART I I I C ONCLUSION 8 T aking stock of the literature on personality and close relationship processes 1 85 R eferences 1 99 I ndex 2 33 A cknowled gments I ronically, given the subject matter of the present book, I have described my conceptual and empirical journey as a solo ef ort. However, when I place the present book within the context of my academic career to date, I realize that many previously unmentioned scholars (at least within the present acknowl- edgments) helped prepare me for the journey. During my years as an under- graduate student at the University of Texas at Arlington, Harriett Amster’s Psychology of Women course not only challenged my sensibilities regarding gender roles but also prompted me to change my major from biology (pre- dental) to psychology. Also, during my years as a PhD student at the University of Texas at Austin, Janet Spence and Robert Helmreich not only were masters of the f elds of personality psychology and social psychology (measuring such diverse constructs as gender-r elated traits, gender-r ole attitudes and compli- ance, achievement motives, and social self-e steem; e.g., Spence & Helmreich, 1 978) but also socialized me professionally; William Swann and Daniel Gilbert showed me how elegant and precise social-p sychological methodology can be; Donald Baumann helped me to see how valuable applied social psychol- ogy can be; John Loehlin taught me much of what I know about multivari- ate statistics; and Manuel Ramirez and John Warf eld taught me that cultural psychology can be successfully integrated with personality psychology and social psychology. Finally, during my year as a predoctoral fellow at Macalester College, Jack Rossmann and Charles Torrey taught me how to be a ref ective teacher. Without those formative inf uences, I  can scarcely imagine myself writing a book that (hopefully) of ers such a panoramic view of the literature on personality and close relationship processes. H aving completed the present book regarding the literature on personality and close relationship processes, I felt as if I had just completed a lengthy con- ceptual and empirical journey that led me to discover (1) which hypothesized personality-i nterdependence links were supported by the evidence; (2) which hypothesized personality-i nterdependence links were not supported by the