19348_00a_IFC.qxd 6/13/06 4:53 PM Page IFC-2 Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) he Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) include two sets of values that serve as goals for nutrient intake—Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) and Adequate TIntakes (AI). The RDA reflect the average daily amount of a nutrient considered adequate to meet the needs of most healthy people. If there is insufficient evidence to determine an RDA, an AI is set. In addition to the values that serve as goals for nutrient intakes (presented in the tables on these two pages), the DRI include a set of values called Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (UL). The UL represent the maximum amount of a nutrient that appears safe for most healthy people to consume on a regular basis. Turn the page for a listing of the UL for selected vitamins and minerals. Estimated Energy Requirements (EER), Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA), and Adequate Intakes (AI) for Water, Energy, and the Energy Nutrients Age(yr) Males 0–0.5 — 62 (24) 6 (13) 0.7e 570 60 — 31 4.4 0.5 9.1 1.52 0.5–1 — 71 (28) 9 (20) 0.8f 743 95 — 30 4.6 0.5 11 1.2 1–3g — 86 (34) 12 (27) 1.3 1046 130 19 — 7 0.7 13 1.05 4–8g 15.3 115 (45) 20 (44) 1.7 1742 130 25 — 10 0.9 19 0.95 9–13 17.2 144 (57) 36 (79) 2.4 2279 130 31 — 12 1.2 34 0.95 14–18 20.5 174 (68) 61 (134) 3.3 3152 130 38 — 16 1.6 52 0.85 19–30 22.5 177 (70) 70 (154) 3.7 3067h 130 38 — 17 1.6 56 0.8 31–50 3.7 3067h 130 38 — 17 1.6 56 0.8 ⬎50 3.7 3067h 130 30 — 14 1.6 56 0.8 Females 0–0.5 — 62 (24) 6 (13) 0.7e 520 60 — 31 4.4 0.5 9.1 1.52 0.5–1 — 71 (28) 9 (20) 0.8f 676 95 — 30 4.6 0.5 11 1.2 1–3g — 86 (34) 12 (27) 1.3 992 130 19 — 7 0.7 13 1.05 4–8g 15.3 115 (45) 20 (44) 1.7 1642 130 25 — 10 0.9 19 0.95 9–13 17.4 144 (57) 37 (81) 2.1 2071 130 26 — 10 1.0 34 0.95 14–18 20.4 163 (64) 54 (119) 2.3 2368 130 26 — 11 1.1 46 0.85 19–30 21.5 163 (64) 57 (126) 2.7 2403i 130 25 — 12 1.1 46 0.8 31–50 2.7 2403i 130 25 — 12 1.1 46 0.8 ⬎50 2.7 2403i 130 21 — 11 1.1 46 0.8 Pregnancy 1st trimester 3.0 ⫹0 175 28 — 13 1.4 ⫹25 1.3 2nd trimester 3.0 ⫹340 175 28 — 13 1.4 ⫹25 1.3 3rd trimester 3.0 ⫹452 175 28 — 13 1.4 ⫹25 1.3 Lactation 1st 6 months 3.8 ⫹330 210 29 — 13 1.1 ⫹25 1.3 2nd 6 months 3.8 ⫹400 210 29 — 13 1.1 ⫹25 1.3 NOTE: For all nutrients, values for infants are AI. Dashes indicate that values have not been deter- cThe linolenic acid referred to in this table and text is the omega-3 fatty acid known as alpha- mined. linolenic acid. aThe water AI includes drinking water, water in beverages, and water in foods; in general, drinking dThe values listed are based on reference body weights. water and other beverages contribute about 70 to 80 percent, and foods, the remainder. Conver- eAssumed to be from human milk. sion factors: 1 L ⫽ 33.8 fluid oz; 1 L ⫽ 1.06 qt; 1 cup ⫽ 8 fluid oz. fAssumed to be from human milk and complementary foods and beverages. This includes bThe Estimated Energy Requirement (EER) represents the average dietary energy intake that will approximately 0.6 L (~3 cups) as total fluid including formula, juices, and drinking water. maintain energy balance in a healthy person of a given gender, age, weight, height, and physical gFor energy, the age groups for young children are 1–2 years and 3–8 years. activity level. The values listed are based on an “active” person at the reference height and weight hFor males, subtract 10 kcalories per day for each year of age above 19. and at the midpoint ages for each group until age 19. Chapter 2 (page 46), Chapter 9 (page iFor females, subtract 7 kcalories per day for each year of age above 19. 280), and MyPyramid.gov provide tools to determine Estimated Energy Requirements. SOURCE: Adapted from the Dietary Reference Intakes series, National Academies Press. Copyright 1997, 1998, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2004, 2005, by the National Academy of Sciences. Reference BMI (kg/m2) Reference height, cm (in) Reference weight, kg (lb) Watera AI (L/day) Energy EERb (cal/day) Carbohydrate RDA (g/day) Total fiber AI (g/day) Total fat AI (g/day) Linoleic acid AI (g/day) Linolenic acid c AI (g/day) Protein RDA (g/day)d Protein RDA (g/kg/day) 19348_00b_B_C.qxd 6/13/06 4:54 PM Page B-1 Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) and Adequate Intakes (AI) for Vitamins Age (yr) Infants 0–0.5 0.2 0.3 2 5 1.7 0.1 65 0.4 125 40 400 5 4 2.0 0.5–1 0.3 0.4 4 6 1.8 0.3 80 0.5 150 50 500 5 5 2.5 Children 1–3 0.5 0.5 6 8 2 0.5 150 0.9 200 15 300 5 6 30 4–8 0.6 0.6 8 12 3 0.6 200 1.2 250 25 400 5 7 55 Males 9–13 0.9 0.9 12 20 4 1.0 300 1.8 375 45 600 5 11 60 14–18 1.2 1.3 16 25 5 1.3 400 2.4 550 75 900 5 15 75 19–30 1.2 1.3 16 30 5 1.3 400 2.4 550 90 900 5 15 120 31–50 1.2 1.3 16 30 5 1.3 400 2.4 550 90 900 5 15 120 51–70 1.2 1.3 16 30 5 1.7 400 2.4 550 90 900 10 15 120 ⬎70 1.2 1.3 16 30 5 1.7 400 2.4 550 90 900 15 15 120 Females 9–13 0.9 0.9 12 20 4 1.0 300 1.8 375 45 600 5 11 60 14–18 1.0 1.0 14 25 5 1.2 400 2.4 400 65 700 5 15 75 19–30 1.1 1.1 14 30 5 1.3 400 2.4 425 75 700 5 15 90 31–50 1.1 1.1 14 30 5 1.3 400 2.4 425 75 700 5 15 90 51–70 1.1 1.1 14 30 5 1.5 400 2.4 425 75 700 10 15 90 ⬎70 1.1 1.1 14 30 5 1.5 400 2.4 425 75 700 15 15 90 Pregnancy ≤18 1.4 1.4 18 30 6 1.9 600 2.6 450 80 750 5 15 75 19–30 1.4 1.4 18 30 6 1.9 600 2.6 450 85 770 5 15 90 31–50 1.4 1.4 18 30 6 1.9 600 2.6 450 85 770 5 15 90 Lactation ≤18 1.4 1.6 17 35 7 2.0 500 2.8 550 115 1200 5 19 75 19–30 1.4 1.6 17 35 7 2.0 500 2.8 550 120 1300 5 19 90 31–50 1.4 1.6 17 35 7 2.0 500 2.8 550 120 1300 5 19 90 NOTE: For all nutrients, values for infants are AI. cVitamin A recommendations are expressed as retinol activity equivalents (RAE). a Niacin recommendations are expressed as niacin equivalents (NE), except for recommendations dVitamin D recommendations are expressed as cholecalciferol. for infants younger than 6 months, which are expressed as preformed niacin. eVitamin E recommendations are expressed as ␣-tocopherol. bFolate recommendations are expressed as dietary folate equivalents (DFE). Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) and Adequate Intakes (AI) for Minerals Age (yr) Infants 0–0.5 120 180 400 210 100 30 0.27 2 110 15 200 0.003 0.01 0.2 2 0.5–1 370 570 700 270 275 75 11 3 130 20 220 0.6 0.5 5.5 3 Children 1–3 1000 1500 3000 500 460 80 7 3 90 20 340 1.2 0.7 11 17 4–8 1200 1900 3800 800 500 130 10 5 90 30 440 1.5 1.0 15 22 Males 9–13 1500 2300 4500 1300 1250 240 8 8 120 40 700 1.9 2 25 34 14–18 1500 2300 4700 1300 1250 410 11 11 150 55 890 2.2 3 35 43 19–30 1500 2300 4700 1000 700 400 8 11 150 55 900 2.3 4 35 45 31–50 1500 2300 4700 1000 700 420 8 11 150 55 900 2.3 4 35 45 51–70 1300 2000 4700 1200 700 420 8 11 150 55 900 2.3 4 30 45 ⬎70 1200 1800 4700 1200 700 420 8 11 150 55 900 2.3 4 30 45 Females 9–13 1500 2300 4500 1300 1250 240 8 8 120 40 700 1.6 2 21 34 14–18 1500 2300 4700 1300 1250 360 15 9 150 55 890 1.6 3 24 43 19–30 1500 2300 4700 1000 700 310 18 8 150 55 900 1.8 3 25 45 31–50 1500 2300 4700 1000 700 320 18 8 150 55 900 1.8 3 25 45 51–70 1300 2000 4700 1200 700 320 8 8 150 55 900 1.8 3 20 45 ⬎70 1200 1800 4700 1200 700 320 8 8 150 55 900 1.8 3 20 45 Pregnancy ≤18 1500 2300 4700 1300 1250 400 27 12 220 60 1000 2.0 3 29 50 19–30 1500 2300 4700 1000 700 350 27 11 220 60 1000 2.0 3 30 50 31–50 1500 2300 4700 1000 700 360 27 11 220 60 1000 2.0 3 30 50 Lactation ≤18 1500 2300 5100 1300 1250 360 10 13 290 70 1300 2.6 3 44 50 19–30 1500 2300 5100 1000 700 310 9 12 290 70 1300 2.6 3 45 50 31–50 1500 2300 5100 1000 700 320 9 12 290 70 1300 2.6 3 45 50 Thiamin RDA (mg/day) Riboflavin RDA (mg/day) Niacin a RDA (mg/day) Biotin AI (␮g/day) Pantothenic acid AI (mg/day) Vitamin B 6 RDA (mg/day) Folate b RDA (μg/day) Sodium Vitamin B AI (mg/day) 12 RDA (μg/day) Chloride AI (mg/day) Choline AI (mg/day) Potassium AI (mg/day) Vitamin C RDA (mg/day) Calcium AI (mg/day) Vitamin A c RDA (μg/day) Phosphorus RDA (mg/day) Vitamin D d Magnesium AI (μg/day) RDA (mg/day) Vitamin E Iron e RDA (mg/day) RDA (mg/day) Vitamin K Zinc AI (μg/day) RDA (mg/day) Iodine RDA (μg/day) Selenium RDA (μg/day) Copper RDA (μg/day) Manganese AI (mg/day) Fluoride AI (mg/day) Chromium AI (μg/day) Molybdenum RDA (μg/day) 19348_00b_B_C.qxd 6/13/06 4:54 PM Page C-2 Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (UL) for Vitamins Age (yr) Infants 0–0.5 — — — — — 600 25 — 0.5–1 — — — — — 600 25 — Children 1–3 10 30 300 1000 400 600 50 200 4–8 15 40 400 1000 650 900 50 300 Adolescents 9–13 20 60 600 2000 1200 1700 50 600 14–18 30 80 800 3000 1800 2800 50 800 Adults 19–70 35 100 1000 3500 2000 3000 50 1000 ⬎70 35 100 1000 3500 2000 3000 50 1000 Pregnancy ≤18 30 80 800 3000 1800 2800 50 800 19–50 35 100 1000 3500 2000 3000 50 1000 Lactation ≤18 30 80 800 3000 1800 2800 50 800 19–50 35 100 1000 3500 2000 3000 50 1000 aThe UL for niacin and folate apply to synthetic forms bThe UL for vitamin A applies to the preformed vitamin only. obtained from supplements, fortified foods, or a combination cThe UL for vitamin E applies to any form of supplemental of the two. ␣-tocopherol, fortified foods, or a combination of the two. Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (UL) for Minerals Age (yr) Infants e e 0–0.5 — — — — — 40 4 — 45 — — 0.7 — — — e e 0.5–1 — — — — — 40 5 — 60 — — 0.9 — — — Children 1–3 1500 2300 2500 3000 65 40 7 200 90 1000 2 1.3 300 3 0.2 4–8 1900 2900 2500 3000 110 40 12 300 150 3000 3 2.2 600 6 0.3 Adolescents 9–13 2200 3400 2500 4000 350 40 23 600 280 5000 6 10 1100 11 0.6 14–18 2300 3600 2500 4000 350 45 34 900 400 8000 9 10 1700 17 1.0 Adults 19–70 2300 3600 2500 4000 350 45 40 1100 400 10,000 11 10 2000 20 1.0 ⬎70 2300 3600 2500 3000 350 45 40 1100 400 10,000 11 10 2000 20 1.0 Pregnancy ≤18 2300 3600 2500 3500 350 45 34 900 400 8000 9 10 1700 17 1.0 19–50 2300 3600 2500 3500 350 45 40 1100 400 10,000 11 10 2000 20 1.0 Lactation ≤18 2300 3600 2500 4000 350 45 34 900 400 8000 9 10 1700 17 1.0 19–50 2300 3600 2500 4000 350 45 40 1100 400 10,000 11 10 2000 20 1.0 d The UL for magnesium applies to synthetic forms obtained from supplements or drugs only. SOURCE: Adapted with permission from the Dietary Reference Intakes series, National Academies e Source of intake should be from human milk (or formula) and food only. Press. Copyright 1997, 1998, 2000, 2001, by the National Academy of Sciences. Courtesy of the National Academies Press, Washington, D.C. NOTE: An Upper Limit was not established for vitamins and minerals not listed and for those age groups listed with a dash (—) because of a lack of data, not because these nutrients are safe to consume at any level of intake. All nutrients can have adverse effects when intakes are excessive. Niacin a (mg/day) Vitamin B 6 (mg/day) Folate a (μg/day) Choline (mg/day) Sodium (mg/day) Vitamin C (mg/day) Chloride (mg/day) Vitamin A b (μg/day) Calcium (mg/day) Vitamin D Phosphorus (μg/day) (mg/day) Vitamin E Magnesium (mg/day)c d (mg/day) Iron b (mg/day) Zinc (mg/day) Iodine (μg/day) Selenium (μg/day) Copper (μg/day) Manganese (mg/day) Fluoride (mg/day) Molybdenum (μg/day) Boron (mg/day) Nickel (mg/day) 19348_00c_fm_pi-xxi.qxd 6/14/06 12:48 PM Page i Personal Nutrition SIXTH EDITION 19348_00c_fm_pi-xxi.qxd 6/14/06 12:48 PM Page ii 19348_00c_fm_pi-xxi.qxd 6/14/06 12:48 PM Page iv Personal Nutrition, Sixth Edition Marie A. Boyle and Sara Long Publisher: Peter Marshall Production: Martha Emry Development Editor: Elizabeth Howe Text Designer: Diane Beasley Assistant Editor: Elesha Feldman Photo Researcher: Stephen Forsling Editorial Assistant: Lauren Vogelbaum Copy Editor: Mary Douglas Technology Project Manager: Donna Kelley Illustrations: Jim Atherton Marketing Manager: Jennifer Somerville Cover Designer: Charlie Wayne Denison Marketing Assistant: Catie Ronquillo Cover Image: ©Lee Frost/Robert Harding World Imagery/ Marketing Communications Manager: Jessica Perry Getty Images Project Manager, Editorial Production: Sandra Craig Compositor: Lachina Publishing Services Creative Director: Rob Hugel Printer: Quebecor World/Dubuque Art Director: Lee Friedman Print Buyer: Doreen Suzuki Permissions Editor: Roberta Broyer © 2007, 2004 Thomson Wadsworth, a part of The Thomson Corpo- Thomson Higher Education ration. Thomson, the Star logo, and Wadsworth are trademarks 10 Davis Drive used herein under license. Belmont, CA 94002-3098 USA ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copy- right hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means—graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, Web distribution, information storage and retrieval systems, or in any other manner—without the written per- mission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 10 09 08 07 06 For more information about our products, contact us at: Thomson Learning Academic Resource Center 1-800-423-0563 For permission to use material from this text or product, submit a request online at http://www.thomsonrights.com. Any additional questions about permissions can be submitted by e-mail to 19348_00c_fm_pi-xxi.qxd 6/14/06 12:48 PM Page v D E D I C A T I O N In memory of my father, David M. Boyle, and his love of everything Irish, especially his daughters, and my mother, Marie T. Boyle, a lifelong educator, cherished mother, and treasured friend. —Marie A. Boyle Struble This is dedicated to my husband, the love of my life: Kevin. I cannot comprehend what life would be without you! —Sara Long Roth 19348_00c_fm_pi-xxi.qxd 6/14/06 12:48 PM Page vi